Politics Essays Free Speech Movement

Politics Essays fire oral communication MovementFree Speech MovementBerkeley, 1964 An analysis of the Free Speech Movement and its purpose in creating a saucily music genre of conflict on American Campuses.BibliographyIntroductionP71-2 The Regents of the university, meeting the day earlier the Christmas recess began, declared that they do non contemplate that protagonism or content of speech on the Berkeley campus shall be restricted beyond the purview of the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the constitution, and set up a perpetration to review university policies in consultations with faculty and school-age childs with the intent of providing supreme freedom consistent with one-on-one and separate responsibility(After an earlier meeting, on November 20, during which thousands of scholars were sitting re locomote being take by Jon Baez in singing, the Regents had express that their policy was to shed campus facilities available for planning, implementing or rais ing funds or recruiting participants for lawful arrive at-campus put through, non for felonious)The emergency executive committee of the Berkeley part of the academic senate (the faculty) issued an optimistic statement by and by the Regents meeting, insist the substantial progress had been do.72 To begin with, we must dispose of the ingeniously slogan of free speech which has made it executable for so galore(postnominal) who are far from the events at Berkeley to send in forthright statements in supporting of the Free Speech Movement or the position pick out by the faculty on celestial latitude 8 (that semi policy-making protagonism or organisation should be limited only by lower limit regulations designed to permit the university to function normally)In 1964The conflict at the Berkeley campus of the University of calcium warrants analysis not only as a striking, historic event, tho because of what followed on other university campuses. Berkeley was the first instance of a peeledfangled genre of conflict among bookmans and authority. M some(prenominal) of the ensuing anticipateations at other nitrogen American universities were range products of the Berkeley conflict and in those that cannot be said to be direct products of the 1964 conflict one can still see the influences Berkeley has had in the elan the conflict has unfolded and evolved. This dissertation proposesChapter 2 Foundations for ConflictThe Free Speech Movement made Berkeley a pacesetter for assimilator confrontations with authority. However, in the years preceding the 1964 schoolchild rebellion, the Berkeley campus of the University of calcium had too set the pace in ontogeny a forward-looking form of university system, developing especially b wrap upo example patterns of organisation that had begun to switch over the higher education system in mid-twentieth coulomb America. chairman of the Berkeley campus of the University of California, Clark Kerr, regarded the un iversity as a means of producing k at onceadaysledge, on the face of it not a paper idea. However, Kerrs definition of k straight offledge is not a definition of an abstract concept as one would expect. quite he saw knowledge as a product. He stated that,The yield, distri justion, and consumption of knowledge in all its forms is said to deem for 29 percent of gross subject field product . . . and knowledge production is growing at about twice the regularize of the rest of the economy. . . . What the railroads did for the support half of the last century and the go for the first half of this century may be done for the second half of this century by the knowledge industry that is, to serve as the focal forefront for national growth.These patterns of organisation may pitch created a more economical and economical university, but in that location effect on the bookmans were not so positive. Because of the temper of the changes, the students, led by leading of student pol icy-making organisations, began to see the likes of this newfangled university system had begun to encroach upon their basic rights of free speech. Obviously therefore, the changes in Berkeleys organisational structure and the governmental conflict which was to follow are not unrelated.Indeed, it can be said that the changes in the university, both(prenominal) in scathe of its policy and its physical layout, contributed significantly in engendering a conflict at Berkeley. in that locationfore, if we are to all-encompassingy belowstand the reasons for the sudden intensification of student activism at Berkeley, we must first investigate these organisational and policy changes which occurred at the university before the pinnacle of activism in 1964.These changes facilitated the organisation of students by policy-making stems and for political trans action mechanism, making political activism relevant to students (as the nature of the changes meant that they were protesting against nearlything which directly im compact them) and encouraging innovation within student political organisations.As the remonstrations with the university began to take hold in the general university community, both with students and faculty, the instigated changes overly served as a catalyst for student political groups to deepen confrontations with power interests in the grownr community. Prior to the changes, political groups on campus were combat simply for their own causes. However, by providing a shared grievance which affected nearly all students to some extent (and at a fundamental frequency level), the changes efficaciously unified the student personify under a greens interest.Doing so created a faction comprised of student political groups, sympathetic faculty, and individual students who all oppresent the changes made by the university. As an opponent, this group posed significantly more little terror to the Berkeley giving medication than a dissonant app ealingness of multifarious political organisations and, wherefore, we must regard these organisational changes as a mistake. Ultimately, these mistakes would arrest a attempt which both undermined the university administration at Berkeley, and pioneered a new form of student protest whose effects can be seen in most subsequent student rebellions.We must first look at the administration-initiated changes which made the campus at Berkeley structurally conductive to the recruitment of students for collective political action. The formation of a support base of students who are sympathetic with a political cause is the fundamental run in the developing of a significant student political movement.Whilst the Berkeley campus of the University of California had been a relatively large school for many years, the influx of veterans after World War II saw the campus commonwealth s well up to 25,325 students in the autumn of 1947.After a drop in the student population (the low birth rate o f the depression saw the entry statistics drop to 17,563 students in 1953) the university enrolment reached 26,757 in 1963 and this figure was expect to remain fairly constant for the foreseeable future. In accessory to the increase in numbers at the University, there was also a change in the proportions of students at varying stages of their education.As the enrolment reached its peak in 1963, the ration of undergraduates to graduate students was almost 11. This change in university population called for a change in the organisational systems of the university as it now had to pickle not only with a peachyer lot of students, but also with students who had differing relationships with the university.The policies created by the university to deal with the change in the composition of the university population worked in conjunction with each other to make kitty political activity more likely. At the heart of the reforms at Berkeley was the California archetype Plan for Higher Education which created a new admissions policy for the university.In influence to be admitted to Berkeley, a student had to be in the pass along 12.5% of High School graduates, relinquishing the university to attract a high number of gifted young students. These new students were also enrolling in the surgical incisions of arts and social sciences, with the parcel of new undergraduates enrolled in these subjects reaching a peak of 50% in 1962.The result of this shift was that the departments of subject field of forces which had traditionally provided the enceinte, primitive student leaders of political groups gained a disproportionate increase in students. The increase in enrolment numbers, combined with the materials taught in classes posted by the humanities and social sciences departments, meant that students were loose to subject matter dealing with moral and social issues which could therefore recruit more liberal political attitudes. Also, as much(prenominal) deg ree schemes offer no precise vocation after completion of their studies, the students take a less career-orientated approach to university life and could be more experimental in the organisations they choose to join and the topics they choose to study.As Berkeley continued to expand in terms of the student populace, there were also expansions in the university campus itself. The increased volume of literature and students necessitated the need for expansions of the schools depository library facilities. The main library was not able to deal with the requirements of the entire student population and therefore, subject-specific libraries were created, relieving the coerce on the main library create.This meant that natural sciences students tended to stay within the edge of their own subject libraries and as a result, the main library building increasingly became a meeting point and countersign theatre of operations for the humanities and social sciences students and faculty. In addition to relocating some of the library facilities, in 1960, the university cafeteria, deem store, Student Union and general common leisure area were travel to a block of land adjoining the university south of Sather Gate.This shifted the focal point for much of the universitys social scene to land which was considered the natural territory of humanities and social studies students. More importantly, the land was also adjacent to an area traditionally used for political recruiting. Obviously, this brought many more students into contact with radical political groups, canvassing for a variety of causes, exposing them to moral and social issues outside their field of study. Therefore, not only did authorities gain a new audience of impressionable youth at Sather Gate, but also had the energy (with this new audience) to attract students who were already sensitive to such(prenominal) political nuances.Berkeley is a tax-supported institution and, as such, there is a duality in the focal point that it operates. On one side, there is free motion and the ability to of tone based on ones own perceptions. However, it is also expected to show no political bias which may offer political advantage to any one political group at the expense of the general public. These regulations go back to a sequence where no political activity of any kind was allowed on campus. downstairs this earlier situation, not even candidates for the presidency were allowed to speak at Berkeley.In theory, this situation should hold back been resolved by the California State constitution, which prohibited religious or political canvassing and which gave the responsibility of university policy-making to a Board of Regents, statingThe University of California shall constitute a public trust, to be administered by the existing conjunction known as The Regents of the University of California, with full powers of organization and government, subject only to such legislative control as may be unavoidable to crack the security of its funds and compliance with the terms of the endowments of the university Regents shall be able persons by and large reflective of the economic, cultural, and social diversity of the State, including ethnic minorities and women.However, it is not intended that formulas or specific ratios be applied in the selection of regents The university shall be only if independent of all political or sectarian influence and unbroken free therefrom in the appointment of its regents and in the administration of its affairs, and no person shall be debarred admission to any department of the university on measure of race, religion, ethnic heritage, or sex.However, although the Board of Regents act as a fan between the university and the political pressures of interest groups within the state, 1964-1965 school year, the twenty cardinal members of the University of Californias Board of Regents were not politically impartial. The board chairwoman was pre sident of the largest range of mountains of department stores in the West.Other members included the chairperson of Bank of America, the chairman of the largest gold-mining corporation, a vice-president of Lockheed Aviation, the board chairman of two fossil oil companies, a past(a) chairman of the Republican States Central Committee, a representative Party Career woman, a national labour leader, and a past president of the state bar association. Therefore, the existence of the Board of Regents did not hold dear the university from the political currents of the duration.In tell apart to maintain a politically unbiassed environment on campus, a series of regulations were drafted. These regulations, known as find oneself 17, stated that political positions were to be analysed in class, but faculty were not to take a position of favour for or against them. These regulations would therefore allow free discussion of political positions, without jeopardising Berkeleys position of impartiality.However, it is here that the university made a clear distinction between free speech and free advocacy of action based on political ideas. Advocacy of political positions was not permitted on campus, unless administrative approval was given and representation of the communion position was present at the homogeneous time in order to give a counter argument. In the same vein, funds for off campus causes could not be gathered on campus without permission from the university administrators. However, the off-campus actions of the student soundbox were not controlled by these regulations.An off campus political organisation could run a meeting on campus, but it would have to explain to the students present that certain kinds of discussion (for example, implementing a demonstration) must be held off campus. In this way the rights of the student to participate in off campus political advocacy was protected and the political sluggishity of the Berkeley campus was maintain ed.However, the line between off-campus action and on campus-action was concentrated to accentuate and any off-campus action which was deemed to be contentious and was participated in by Berkeley students or faculty was publicly perceived to also be occurring on campus as well.Rule 17, however, was not practically applicable, as was emphasised in 1956, when presidential candidate Adlai Stephenson spoke to a group of students via a loudspeaker mounted on a truck which was parked outside university walls (and therefore in compliance with the regulations) tho his speech could still be well observed by the students. This bizarre occurrence prompted students to seek amendments to Rule 17, and, after a protracted period of negotiation, political speakers were permitted to speak on campus without the necessity of an opponent (however, the administration added the caveat that the opposing position be equal on campus within a reasonable time limit).This amendment directly influenced the students who accompanied such tog outd events. Students were presented with a politically marginalised account and in order to hear the opposing viewpoint, attendance of a separate event was necessary, free the speaker with the temporal upper-hand a clear advantage.The efforts of the university to distance itself from controversial political actions undertaken by students came under marked criticism, both from the students and the faculty. Conflicts with student political groups such as destine prompted the university to pass legislation detrimental to the efforts of politically expeditious students. For example, in 1959, the university administration ruled that graduate students were ineligible for voting, costingSlate the possibility of gaining control of the student government. In the summer of 1961, Slate was stripped of its on-campus status for violating the university regulation prohibiting a group which took an off campus stand from affiliating itself with the universi ty. This pass of recognition was the ascendant of the end for Slate and the leaders turned their attentions to the big struggles of the community.The university policies which worked against politically active students at Berkeley began to create more widespread strain between the administration and the student embody. The situation was close to boiling point. With the increase in off-campus student political activity and the seeds of discontent already lay amongst the general populace of the university, a escalation of student activism was expected.Furthermore, when viewed , and therefore necessitate discussion in order to extrapolate cogent.Chapter 3 EscalationThe beginning of the escalation in student activism was prompted by the university choosing to enforce the distinction between free speech and advocacy. As the Student Union moved, so did the areas of political activity. The area around the new Student Union at the intersection of Bancroft and telecommunicate had beco me the new rallying point for student political activists. However, upon receiving complaints of noise and littering, the vice-chancellor for student affairs, Alex C. Sherriffs, launched an inquiry into the legitimacy of the complaints.He found that the root of the noise was bongo drummers and the tooth root of the litter was a luck of discarded leaflets handed out by the various student political groups in an effort to spread the raillery about their organisation. Sherriffs also found that people were setting up tables on university property, and, according to the regulations, such an activity in such a fixture was illegal.A conflict now arose between two unfairly matched opponents the student political groups and the administration of the Berkeley campus of the University of California. Conflict is not uncommon on the Berkeley campus. There is a long established tradition of protest and picketing. However, in this instance, the protestors adopted a radically different style.T he main reason for this departure from traditional methods of dissidence, in particular the development of new techniques of urbane disobedience, is the Civil Rights Movement. The protests for racial equality have given rise to new play of protest. In 1963, hundreds of Berkeley students, sat-in at a chain of lunch counters, shopped-in at a chain of supermarkets (with students filling their shopping carts with food, letting the check-out operator tally the total, and then declaring that they did not have the money to pay for the goods) and lay down in the automobile showrooms of Van Ness Avenue.These types of protest led in each slipperiness to the establishment concerned hiring a certain amount of Negro workers. These radical new tactics clearly worked. They also led to mass arrests and mass trials, which although led to disciplinary action, shape up handicapped the bureaucratic procedures by placing the courtrooms of San Francisco under considerable stress.The situation produce d and the emotions evoked by the civil rights movement amongst student political groups at Berkeley was markedly different from the mood that prevailed when such groups were struggle for the loosening of the strict regulations that which once governed their political activity.As well as introducing new tactics, the civil rights movement developed a large body of students committed to these tactics and a summoned up a substantial body of public whimsey in the faculty and among the liberal population of the Berkeley area who were sympathetic to them. The Chancellors office delegated on to the lesser members of the administrative hierarchy the decision that the area of political activity on Bancroft and Telegraph was now to become subject de facto (as it had been de jure) to the university ban on advocacy and organisation.This was evidently unsatisfactory to the students, and thus they resorted to a direct test of the administrations resolve to enforce the new regulations they set u p their tables and collected money, in flagrant violation of university regulations. A number were directed to appear before a dean on September 29 to discuss these violations. The appointed account to the chancellor of the faculty describes the situation that ensued,At 3 o clock that afternoon, some 300-400 students moved into the second floor of Sproul Hall and Mario Savio announced that all of them acknowledged violating university regulations in the same manner as those who had been instructed to make appointments with the dean of students, and they all treasured similar appointments. The doyen of Men then declared he was then concerned only with observed violations, and if students wanted appointments then they could leave their names and he would determine if and when such could be made.He also asked the students who had been voluminous in observed in violations to go in and see a dean because each had been involved in a matter of personal theatre of operations, and reques ted that the crowd disperse, since he had schedule a meeting of the leaders of the student organisations and their advisors to discuss the problem at 4 oc. Savio responded that the group would not leave unless they were guaranteed that the same disciplinary action would be meted out to all there.Unable to make such guarantees, the Dean of Men again asked the group to leave, and later announced that since, in the opinion of the administration and some of the advisors of the student political groups who had come to attend the 400 meeting, the environment was not conductive to reasonable discussion, the meeting was cancelledThe group remained in Sproul Hall until 240am.This transformed the nature of the conflict and also marginalised the protestors. What began as a protest involving nearly all political groups, from revolutionary socialist to extreme conservative, was changed into a movement run almost wholly by the civil rights leaders. For as soon as the tactics of the process esca lated into questionably legal activities (like sitting in Sproul Hall, which was done for the first time on September 29th) the right-wingers could not go along.It was clear that the leading of the movement was coming exclusively from the civil rights and left-wing political groups, but there were too few students directly committed to the left-wing groups to provide the necessary numbers for significant protest. Only the civil rights groups could evoke the emotions of the masses and launch hundreds ready to sit-in.On October 2 the movement gained their first victory the masturbation of the large concentration of police surrounding the campus, and a meeting with President Clark Kerr in which a pact was signed calling for an administration-faculty-student committee to deal with the issue of political activity.The movements next step was to organise itself internally. Confirming the fact that the right had withdrawn almost completely no right-orientated groups emerged with any posi tions of leadership within the movement. The civil rights leaders, who had become synonymous with direct action gained all the authority and as a result, the movement moved further to the left.Chapter 4 Negotiation and Resolution83 As the leadership of the student movement became concentrated into a coherent force, sharing the same aims, philosophy and outlook, the university administration was becoming proportionally less organised. 88 In a situation first created by reasonable demands of the students and secondly by the new, radical tactics, the administration showed itself to be incapable of consistent, decisive or effective action. Again and again it was forced to withdraw from positions either because they were poorly argued or because the higher levels (President Kerr) moved in and changed the positions taken lower down.I feel it necessary to mention the role the faculty played in the blockage of the conflict at Berkeley, as their position was not insignificant. At the insti gate of the rebellion, the faculty looked upon the conflict between the administration and the students as detached and neutral outsiders. However, some groups of faculty members placed themselves into the situation as mediators. They were distinguished from the great majority of their colleagues by the fact that they had been involved in student politics in the past and remained interested in their outcomes in the present.The first group of student mediators helped to draw up the pact of October the 2nd. However, the faculty, like the right-wing student political groups before them, eventually joined the list as casualties of the developing crisis. They became casualties owing to the critical change in the issues of the conflict that occurred around the beginning of November. This change became apparent in the discussions of the faculty-student-administration committee that had been set up by the October 2 pact.For the first month there had been two fairly univocal issues the atte mpt of the administration to change the status quo, which all the student political groups, left and right, and all interested faculty opposed and secondly, the student tactics, which some of the student groups and most of the interested faculty opposed, but which everyone agreed should not lead to disciplinary action (on the ground that the original issue which had occasioned the tactics had been a just one).The problems were settled when the administrations representatives on the committee provisionally leted a much wider range of political advocacy and organisation on campus than had been permitted before, when a second committee (faculty) set up under the October 2nd pact called for the lifting of the suspensions that had been pronounced against the students who had violated the old regulations.Up until this point, the interested faculty members and the student FSM leaders had stood together. But now the student leaders and the administration raised a new issue, created by the possible liberalisation of the rules. If Berkeley was opened up to advocacy and organisation, what of advocacy and organisation that led to illegal action or was designed to produce illegal action? The administrations insistence on a line between legal and illegal was immediately seen by students as a threat to actions they were already planning. The student leaders fully expected further mass arrests as a result of these actions, and they hoped to protect themselves from university discipline.It was this issue of illegal action which caused the faculty-student-administration committee to split in November. The student representatives insisted on a specific guarantee that nothing they advocated or organised on campus would lead to any disciplinary measures by the university against them or their organisations. The administration members insisted on the right to discipline individuals or organisations who advocated or organised illegal action.The faculty group proposed a formula whic h neither gave the students a specific guarantee of immunity nor the administration a specific ban against illegal action on campus. Under this formula the students would have conducted their demonstrations and sit-ins in all likelihood safe from university interference, as the universitys policy of the year before had been not to discipline those arrested for civil rights activities, and it seemed improbable that this policy would be changed. If, however, the university decided on a change, the students could have tested in the courts its right to punish them for illegal action advocated or organised on campus, a contingency which, they asserted, would be against the 1st and fourteenth amendments and would constitute double jeopardy.On this issue the students decided to revoke the pact of October 2 (in which they had agreed to only execute to legal actions), pronounced new rules to govern political activity on campus, and began to operate under them. The students now hoped that the Regents would give them what the committee set up under the pact of October 2 had not, but on November 20, the Regents insisted on maintaining the distinction between lawful and unlawful actions.At this point the student leaders split, some arguing for further drastic measures, other urging de facto acceptance of the new rules under which they had full freedom of action. A new sit-in was staged at Sproul Hall, which involved only 300 hundred students the administration did not act against it, and it was called off after a few hours.However, on November 30, it was learned that the administration had summoned 4 student leaders to appear before the Faculty Committee on Student Conduct to hear charges against them stemming from their tussles with the police on October 1st and 2nd. As a result of this blunder, an issue that was capable of arousing the students i.e., the disciplining of their leaders, was fortuitously tied to one that could not i.e., immunity for advocacy or organisation of illegal action. at one time again, on Dec 2, students occupied Sproul Hall. In the early morning of December 3, a small army of police began carrying out around 800 students. That afternoon, yet another impromptu group of mediating faculty, the department chairmen, met to formulate a compromise which offered full amnesty to the students for the actions of the past 2 months they hoped to sell this to the President and the Regents. On Dec 4, a long threatened strike of teaching assistants was launched, and on Sunday, Dec 6, the President and the Regents accepted the department chairmens compromise.However, by this time the student leaders had glimpsed the possibility of gaining complete success. A number of liberal faculty members had been preparing a resolution which asserted that political activity on campus should be regulated only in terms of time, place, and manner in order not to interfere with the functioning of the university, and they were rounding up support for its adop tion. The larger part of the faculty had now become involved, because they had been forced to confront and take a stand on the strike of their teaching assistants. The students hoped that the faculty resolution supporting their position would pass and they joined its faculty drafters in campaigning for it.On December 7 the compromise negotiated by the department chairmen was presented by Professor Robert Scalopino and President Kerr to the student body and faculty. The radicalisation of the students, thousands of whom had participated in sit-ins, strikes, and picketing, had proceeded at frightening pace over the weekend full victory was now seen as possible, and the compromising was denounced by the student leaders as a sell-out.Because of their desperate desire to settle things, because of their experience of one administration bereavement after another, many of the faculty were by now ready to accept any agreement that might lead to peace. The administration was absent and tranq uil when 1000 members of the Academic Senate met on Dec 8 and by a huge vote endorsed the resolution of the liberal faculty members mentioned above. This resolution, in addition to backing the view that political ac

Structural Footprint of Minimally Invasive Brain Cannulation

Structural Footprint of Minimally Invasive mentality intubationAssessing the Structural Footprint of Minimally Invasive intellect Cannulation on Cerebral White Matter A Cadaveric DTI dumbfoundAbstractBackground Minimally incursive approaches to heading tumors offer the likely of decreased iatrogenic trauma related to tumor visualization comp bed to schematic approaches. Currently there ar no validated models to examine axonal damage after minimally invasive creation into the question.Object The authors break and evaluate a cadaveric model of brain tricknulation development diffusion tensor image waist-length anisotropy measurements. Two different orders of access are compared.Methods Freshly harvested unfixed cadaveric brains were derrierenulated utilize some(prenominal) manoeuver and validatory methods. Specimens were subjected to 68-direction DTI scans and proton immersion imaging. FA entropy from a region of interest surround the entry zone was extracted f rom scans using imaging software and analyzed.Results FA determine were substantially high pursual indirect canulization (less invasive method) than they were following direct cannulation. FA set for undisturbed brain were significantly higher than in either of the cannulated groups. windup Axonal damage following brain cannulation can potentially be evaluated by FA analysis in a cadaveric model. rising studies will focus on histologic analysis and clinical validation. introductionDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging methodology that can be utilized to visualize nervous microstructure. Diffusion of peeing inside the human brain is largely limited by the neurolemma. Since the poise of the brain travel in large fascicles, this diffusion process can be exploited to visualize colour egress tracts using DTI. Further more, phase of water flow along these axonal tracts can be quantified by using a measurement called fractional anisotropy (FA). (1-3) FA is a scalar value, mensurable from the eigen set of the diffusion tensor, which describes the independency of a diffusion process. High FA values demo diffusion in a uniform direction whereas low FA values indicate more random act of water. therefore, lowering of relative FA values within specific white be tracts has been postulated as a scoring of neuronal blur in clinical studies and animal models of stroke, traumatic brain impairment, radiation-induced damage, and epilepsy (4-8). Iatrogenic white matter injury from surgical trajectories into the brain can also be quantified using tractographic methods (9, 10).Traditional open approaches to subcortical lesions are difficult to perform without causing significant trauma to the overlying form tissue. For deep lesions, extensive recantation may be required. Minimally invasive cylindrical brain retractors have been deployed over a dilator wind with success in multiple case series (5, 11-14), building on prior action demon strating feasibility of a microsurgical cylindrical brain retractor (15-17). There are even reports of using minimally invasive approaches for hematoma evacuation18. However, the floor of brain trauma incurred from this method of brain access has yet to be radiographically valueed in human models19. In addition, potentially less invasive techniques, such as inflating a balloon within the brain to create a channel for brain surgical operation, have not been comparatively assessed (20-22).This study want to apply diffusion imaging techniques to assess iatrogenic brain injury in a cadaveric model of brain surgery. Rather than see conventional retraction methods of the brain using spatulas and brain dissection, emerging minimally invasive techniques for brain retraction were evaluated.MethodsAll specimens were procured from the hospital morgue following a protocol internally approved by the department of pathology. indoors 6 hours after death, brains were harvested from patients with no known pre-existing neurologic disorders. Specimens were sectioned into two approximately 5cm by 3cm blocks to facilitate cannulation and transport. Cuts were made anteriorly at the level of the anterior genu of the corpus callosum, thronely at the level of the precentral sulcus, and along the midline. Lateral subject fields of cortex were removed to make the blocks symmetrical.Two transparent cannulation techniques were apply to access the brain, running(a) sequentially from anterior to caudal for each block (Figure 1A). The direct cannulation technique was performed by passing(a) the cannula plunger through cortex approximately 1 cm posterior to the anterior genu, and allowing the cannula to follow, similar to placement of a guide sheath for working channel neuroendoscopy. 2 cm of undisturbed cortex was maintained amongst cannulations. Indirect cannulations were performed using a 1.5 cc dilatable fogarty catheter. The balloon segment of the catheter initially punct ured the cortex. After this, 1.5cc of air was injected to inflate the balloon. Using the balloon as a guide, the cannula was passed into cortex (Figure 1B). After cannulation, specimens were stored in sealed water change containers and kept in refrigerated conditions until scanning.Scans were performed within 12 hours of cannulation on a Siemens (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) 3T Trio system. Scanning protocol included a 68-direction, 30 slice DTI scan with echo/repetition time TE/TR=99/4000ms and voxel size of 1.35 by 1.35 by 2. mm. Fractional anisotropy maps were calculated online, using the scanner software. Additionally, 75 slice proton density scans were acquired with TE/TR=9.8/3000ms and with voxel size of .45 by .45 by .8 mm. After scanning, specimens were kept in storage in 10% formalin.All information were analyzed using OsiriX Imaging Software (http//www.osirix-viewer.com/). FA maps were co-registered to the proton density scans for anatomical accuracy. Two Regions of Inter est (ROIs) were drawn as concentric circles concentrate on on the cannula (Figure 1C). The larger circle had a constant radius of .5cm radii or so the cannulae. The smaller circle was constructed to cover the area of the cannula. Average FA was recorded for some(prenominal) direct and indirect cannulation for a given slice and both ROIs. The FA of the cannula ROI was subtracted from the FA of the .5cm ROI to obtain the modify FA of the area immediately around the cannula. (Equation 1) A terce ROI, constructed to match the radius of the cannula, was placed between the two cannula ROIs in an equidistant fashion. This ROI served as a control, measuring the FA of undisturbed brain. This technique was repeated on a slice-by-slice basis over a depth of 5 slices and the resulting data was averaged to determine the total FA for a given cannulation.Equation 1This data was subjected to a paired T-Test using Microsoft Excel. The p value of .05 was prospectively determined to be statistica lly significant.ResultsSix specimens were analyzed for FA changes after cannulation using both direct and indirect methods. For each specimen 13 slices of MR data were utilized for analysis. The mean average FA for direct and indirect cannulation was, respectively, 0.1893 and 0.2956. Average Adjusted FA for direct cannulation varied from 0.0267 to 0.105 with a mean value of 0.0645 bandage indirect varied from 0.0596 to 0.208 with a mean of 0.137. (Table 1) Analysis of all 78 slices revealed an Adjusted FA range of .0211 to .241 for direct cannulation and .0545 to .611 for indirect. Control FA varied from 0.0648 to 0.2152, with a mean of 0.1576. Not a single slice exhibited direct cannulation FA greater than indirect.Paired 2 tail t-tests were conducted between direct and indirect datasets using both average and adjusted values. All analyses were statistically significant. (Table 2). passwordMinimally invasive brain retraction systems offer the potential to decrease trauma to norma l brain during surgical removal of deep-seated intraparenchymal masses. However, an legal opinion of the utility of such systems requires an appropriate experimental model that can define brain injury incurred via various access routes through the cortex. The investigators have genuine such a model, via MRI assessment of cadaveric specimens.Previous search in an animal model has exhibit that a dilatable balloon retraction system causes less damage to white matter as compared to pall microsurgical dissection (23). In this particular study, both histological and clinical say demonstrated that balloon dilation resulted in less brain injury as compared to standard techniques. In addition, recent research has demonstrated that iatrogenic white matter injury can be quantified following brain surgery using fiber tracking methods (9, 11). The investigators submit that the above imaging method is a relatively simple technique for assessing iatrogenic white matter injury following brai n dissection, which can then be gibe with functional outcomes in live patients.The concept of FA correlation to axonal virtue is not new. Many investigators across multiple different disciplines in brain research have used FA as a metric of neuronal injury. (6-8, 24) FA is highest when there is uniformity in a diffusion process such as in intact white matter tracts. It decreased increasingly to a theoretical value of zero as diffusion becomes more dimensional. In the case of traumatized axons, damage increases the degrees of freedom of diffusion and thus decreases FA. (25)The use of fresh cadaveric specimens with diffusion tensor imaging has also been previously report and validated26, 27. Using unpreserved specimens ensures the retention of brain tissue fluidity. Thus, retraction in these specimens straightway mimics operative conditions. In addition, cadaveric brains can be imaged easily and accurately, without motion artifact. Many authors have previously used diffusion imagin g in postmortem brain tissue to study neuropathologic features of the brain28-30. In fact, Seehaus et al (31) publish a histological validation of postmortem DTI. Perhaps most convincing, Budde et al32 make a recent study evaluating blast traumatic brain injury in rats using DTI. In their study, rats were subjected to controlled shockwave exposure. After running post-trauma functional tests the authors sacrificed the rats and performed tractography on the formalin fixed post-mortem brain specimens. The authors found significant differences in FA in multiple cortical regions that furthermore correlated to silly functional outcome. For example, a significant decrease in FA was discovered in the hippocampus, which correlated to poor performance on the Morris Water Maze task.In light of this evidence, the authors call back that this model is a reasonable estimation of iatrogenic brain injury following tissue manipulation in cadaveric specimens. However, live imaging in vivo would cl early be superior to a cadaveric model, and is aforethought(ip) for future studies.The data clearly illustrates a general change magnitude fractional anisotropy using the indirect cannulation technique in comparison to the direct cannulation method. Fractional anisotropy is a scalar measurement of the independency of a diffusion process. Higher values indicate more uniform diffusion. In the case of neural tissue, diffusion is largely limited by the stall membrane. Thus, lower FA values indicate compromised neuronal integrity. We believe the statistically significant difference in FA between indirect and direct cannulation is evidence for increased preservation of neural tissue using indirect, balloon-guided cannulation. Generally increased FA values in the control specimens is further evidence of this hypothesis.ConclusionBrain cannulation for minimally invasive access to deep-seated brain tumors is an area of growing interest in neurosurgery. To assess the collateral damage to s urrounding neural tissue, validation studies need to be conducted to assess white matter integrity following manipulation. Diffusion imaging provides unique visual and vicenary measurements that can be utilized to answer these critical questions. The application of DTI to assess cannulation techniques is a simple but novel idea. The authors hope that this work facilitates analysis of brain cannulation and retraction technology with the goal of uttermost preservation of cerebral white matter.AcknowledgementWe would like to thank Dr. Julia Koeffler (UPMC Neuropathology) and Denise Davis (UPMC Radiology) for their economic aid on this project.

Analyze The Avon Product Inc

Analyze The Avon Product IncThe cover has been intentional to analyse the Avon Product Inc that has been underg one and only(a) by major strategic neuter. Further more this spread abroad has been divided into two parts, first part of the survey will excuse the formation back ground and the strategic diversity that has been adopted, further blurb part of the report will discuss the cultivate of remote environmental forces, how they affect on the arranging performance.Avon Vision Statement To be the alliance that best understands and satisfies the fruit service and self-fulfillment needs of women sphericly institution BackgroundAvon is the largest seller, foodstuffer and shaper of beauty related products around the world. Avon generates 98% of its tax from enhancives products. The company foodstuffs to women in more than 110 countries through more than Five millions independent sale representatives. Products categories be for instance skincare, fragrances, nonfunc tionals, toiletries and also jewellery, watches, place products sackdles and toys. tho, 98% of the company sales are generated via direct sales. This sales access had also been successful in the Asian and Latin the States market. However, could not be for the American market.Strategic changeAccording to Lynch (2006), go d declare Strategic change is the pro-active management of change in organisations to strain clear identified strategic objectives. It may be undertaken utilise either prescriptive or emergent strategic approaches.Avons strategic changeAccording to Johnson (2008) rig in coifs to diagnose the strategic change within organisation, it is important to get a line the type of change that is required and also identify the type of change that has been adoptedFor over the last 124 years, being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty related products, Avon has been adopted several changes and devoted to authorise women by helping them to look beautiful.Avon ma jor strategic changes areAvon has invested the millions on research development to bring the innovative products and also focused on the increases advertisement for the sustainability of marque competitiveness.Avon eliminated the layers of Hierarchal management and redesigned the organisational structure to take the broad advantage of Global saleAvon helped million of women across the world to lay d stimulate a better proximo for instance, go away the opportunities to become, entrepreneurs, representative or their own personal credit line owner. www.avon.comOrganisational structureAccording to Carnall, (2007) ideal organisational structure is based on the right balance of information, resources and power to support the organisation objective.On geographically Avon operates channel in six regions and has sales operation in 63 countries also products are distributed more than 52 countries in the world. Primarily Avon conducts transaction through direct selling and marketing by millions of Avon independent representative. principally distributor purchased products directly from Avon on discounted price also Avon provide an opportunity to their representative to manage their business online including two way communication with Avon. Moreover in some countries for instance in USA, representatives can build their own network page for the sales of Avon Products.ORGANISATIONAL CULTUREAccording to Cameron, (2004), if current organisational gloss does not support to achieve the organisation objectives or goals then organisation should involves themselves to change organisational cultural in order to achieve the organisational goals. However, since 1866 Avon organisational cultural is the close recognisable and considered the pioneered to sell the cosmetics products via using direct selling good example and preserve to maintain the same sales model since its foundation. Furthermore, 98% of revenue of the cosmetics product which is 6 billion dollar is come from direct selling model which impressed the other cosmetic companies to follow the direct sale model. extension 3 illustrates Avons organizational culture by using the cultural web model from Johnson and Scholes (2005).Stakeholder analysisAccording to Spicker (2008) state the stakeholder analysis will explain, how external and internal stakeholder influence on the organisation, and whats there needs and expectations, also what organisation need from each of them.Stakeholder analysis for AvonStakeholderInterestPowerAttitudeExpectations/ unavoidablyGovernmentWorld large advancedHighMixedThe acceptation to come across the all local, national and environmental laws of the country where they operate.ShareholdersHighHigh despoticAlways take interest on maximization of shares value and dividend.CustomersHigh economic crisis authoritativeTake active interest in products and appearance.Communities smallLowMixedTake interest in the respect of using natural resources, environmental issues and minimization of recycling and reuse practices.SuppliersLowLowNeutralSurety of contracts and payment.Take interest to add value to asseverate the products.MediaMediumMediumNegativeAlways take interest to say negative factors regarding harmful ingredients of cosmetics products.Executive teamHighHighPositiveNeed to appreciate the whole organisation effort and progress payoff and reorganize the effort of representatives and employees worldwide.EmployeesHighLowPositiveExpect to achieve financial need and economical liberty and support their happiness.The key environmental influencesThe PEST framework categories environmental influences into four main types political, economic, social, technological.Political factorsAvons products Inc business ranges cover many countries and it offers approaches to women who work in those countries to attained financial independence and good performance. In some countries, this move is regard as a way to advance the economic growth and make up p ersonal wealth. However, owe to the political differences among countries, it causes different influences on Avons corporal strategy. For instance, there is a information Protection Act within the European Union which is aimed at defend the privacy and safety of personal information. Different implementation dynamics of this form _or_ system of government in Europe countries will have different effects on Avons representatives calling door to door.Economic factorsThe key dominant factors that influence on customers for buying Avon products are their economical condition, inflation and interest rates. Simultaneously, Avon is also touched by currency fluctuations rates. Avon has employed about 5.3 million representatives and this leads to the free and actively cosmetics market to sell and buy Avons products.Social factorsConsumers preferences and buying powers has changed by while to time and they are related to the local culture and personal operative conditions. Countries in d ifferent climates and environmental circumstances would commend different cosmetic products for their citizens and this is a big concern for Avon to concern the goal that not only when value and contain the similarities among different customers but also respect and create the differences of their needs. The top objective of Avon is to serve women all over the world with its products to reach their identical aspiration look their best at all places at all time.Technological factorsThe revolution and innovation of technology can influence the behavior of peoples. In the process of researching and product developing, cosmetic attention constantly put new products into a position of consequence. Avons strategy is to enhance the brand competitiveness through investing millions on the research and development of its products and increase the advertisement of its products on media..Managing changeAccording to Mullins (2010) External environment can affect the organisational performan ce and organisation effective performance will depends on the interaction of its external environment.SWOT analysisStrength Avon products are exchange in 110 countries around the world by five millions representatives. The products are sold in comparatively moderate prices. Additionally, features of personalization in customer service, cosmea in products design and satisfaction guarantee are the key factors which provide Avon a competitive advantage among the cosmetic industry. Furthermore Avon uses variety of electronic order systems to help representatives to increase the accuracy of business process and effective business operations. The cost-effective sales strategies and the diversity of business model give Avon the ability to be the superior in cosmetic market. -Revenue growth stillFrom the companys record, it shows there was a lasting and forceful growth in new-fashioned years which successful outstripped its key competitors. Avons revenue grew at a deepen annual growt h rate (GAGR) of 10% during FY2006-2008 and this result a stable operation of the company. Dominant position provides more opportunities to attract new consumersAvon is one of four top brand leaders in cosmetic industry with brand value about $5,264 million in the top hundred global customer companies. The pioneered anti-aging skincare and perfume category induced Avon with wide business presence and leading position to attract new Opportunities failingDeclining North American operationThe declining trend of Avons North America business has slowed down in FY2008, but compared with FY2007, the total revenue of North America has still decreased 4.9 %, and Avons North America operation has contributed 23.3% to the total revenue of the company at last. Obviously, the top line was affected by the run-down performance of this geographic segment.OpportunityEmerging marketsThe importance of emerging market such as Brazil with an annual growth of 20%, mainland China which has valued approx $10,200 million with the enormous increase of population in future and the sudden growth of economy will offer a massive potential market for cosmetic industry .Furthermore The increasingly fierce competitions among cosmetic market, in order to capture the Brazilian market Avon has announced its jut to build the new distribution centre in brazil.Threats,In order to achieve the global recommendation in cosmetics business and gain the market share from emerging market, Avon has faced strong competition from its competitors for instance, LOreal, Unilever and Estee Lauder, Revlon and Procter Gamble.ConclusionThis report offers an attempt to understand the major strategic change undergone by Avon Cosmetics Limited. Furthermore, report evaluated the effectiveness of the change in relation to Avons structure, culture. Being a global manufacturer and marketer of beauty and related products and a direct selling organisation, Avon was faced with several challenges in the external environm ent. The factors were fierce competitions from multinational companies, consumer behaviour worldwide, government rules and regulations, technological and social background. It was found that the major strategic change does relate to the objectives of the organization and matches the organisations capability, including its structure, culture and politics..ReferencesCameron, Esther (2004) Making Sense of Change Management, capital of the United Kingdom (UK), Kogan Page LimitedCarnall, C A. (2007) Managing Change in Organisations. Harlow (UK), Financial generation Prentice vestibuleJohnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. ion. Harlow (UK) Financial propagation Prentice HallJohnson, Gerry (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy, Harlow (UK), Financial time Prentice HallLynch, Richard L (2006), corporate strategy, Harlow, England, FT/Prentice HallMullins, Laurie J (2010), Management and Organisational Behaviour, Harlow (UK), Financial Times Pren tice HallSpicker, Paul (2008) Social policy themes and approaches, Bristol (UK), Financial Times Prentice Hall(2009).Avon Products, Inc. SWOT Analysis, Avon Products, Inc. SWOT Analysis,1. Retrieved from Business Source atomic number 61 DatabaseTitleChange Management A Critical Perspective Author(s) Simon Shurville ledger International Journal of Managing Projects in BusinessYear 2008 Volume 1 Issue 3 Start Page 447

Macbeth | Analysis | Morality

Macbeth Analysis MoralityThe mind of morality goes well in hand with the story of Macbeth, the behaviorward patch who chose, at the encouragement of his wife, to start the king. Morality is more than just the typical even out and wrong, its also virtually good and evil. The only elements that take hold proved satisfying in Shakespe atomic number 18s finish is the clear and unambiguous triumph of good over evil (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1620). So, with the question of good and evil swinging in the balance and Macbeth losing sight of his morals, were his wrongs really righted?Initially, Macbeth disputed the witches prophecy that he would be king, but upon telling his wife the news, she could non let the idea die. She was determined that non only would her preserve succeed, but so would she. She derived the excogitation to rid the world of dear poof Duncan and after some difficulty persuading Macbeth to follow through with it, all plans were a go. Harry Jaffa wrot e, chick Macbeth had been the force driving her husbands ambition (Jaffa, 2007). This seems to be true. subsequently all, Macbeth was deadest on not killing Duncan. The king had been good to Macbeth, good to everyone in fact, and there was no reason to kill him. Nevertheless, Lady Macbeth gets what Lady Macbeth wants. Relaying the plan to Macbeth she says, And well not fail. When Duncan is asleep,/ Whereto the rather shall his days hard journey/ good invite him, his two chamberlains/ Will I with wine and wassail so convince/ That memory, the wander of the brain, Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason/ A limbeck only (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1628). Shes a conniving little madam, thinking things through so far that she has a scapegoat, two poor guards that never knew what hit them. virtually instantaneously, guilt begins to enrapture Macbeth and his wife, maybe even before the murder, with Macbeth vision of a dagger. This initial hint of remorse is not recognized by the pair, for they are still focused on what they have just done. Perhaps, it is also not recognized because they have not felt shame like this before. straight off after the killing of King Duncan, the couple begins to notice the sounds of an owl, but there is really nothing to be heard. This is the first of their strange hallucinations brought on by unconscious guilt. Later on, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo sitting in his chair at dinner after he Macbeth is named King. He believes that someone is playing a joke on him, but his dinner guests believe he has bygone mad. Other visions present themselves as the play progresses, and Macbeth seems to lose his grip on sanity each time one occurs. Meanwhile, Lady Macbeth is dealing with her let guilt, which she is feeling only during sleep while sleepwalking. As she sleeps, she believes she is talking to herself and wherefore to her husband, but a doctor and gentlewoman are with her. She says, Out, damned sight Out, I say One- / two- why then tis time to dot. Hell is murky. Fie, my/ lord, fie A spend and afeard? What need we fear who/ knows it, when none can call come to the fore power to account? Yet/ who would have thought the old man to have had so/ much blood in him? (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1646). Clearly, despite the way both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth appear, they know the difference between right and wrong. Lady Macbeth all but says that she doesnt care what has to be done as bulky as her husband becomes king. They may not outwardly show that they feel remorse over the conspiracy, but their conscience is certainly telling them what they did was wrong. Its as if they had Jiminy Cricket tagging along with them saying you really shouldnt have done that.Ultimately, justice was served to Macbeth and his lady. They conspired to kill a beloved king, and in the end, they got what they deserved. Rightly so, Lady Macbeth took her bear invigoration. As readers, this isnt known until the very last scene of the play when Malcolm makes his speech. He says, Who, as tis thought, by self and violent hands/ Took off her bread and butter (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1650). Macduff, seeking his revenge on Macbeth for his family being slaughtered, served Macbeth his justice. Afterward, Macduff chops Macbeths head off and brings it to Malcolm. Malcolms resolution statement is, As calling home our exiled friends abroad/ That fled the snares of watchful tyranny, /Producing off the cruel ministers /Of this butcher and his fiendlike queen (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1650). Some argue that justice was not served since it was Macduff and not Malcolm that delivered Macbeths death sentence. Historically, this is what happened Macbeth was killed in battle by Malcolm, not Macduff (Orgel and Braunmuller, 2002, p. 1620). art object Justice may not have been served the way everyone wanted, it was served accordingly.Justice eternally prevails in some way, be it in the form of death or some ot her tragedy. While this justice may not have occurred the way some people wanted, or even expected, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth give for their crime. Morality is being able to distinguish the difference between right and wrong and good and evil. The pair knew what they were doing was both evil and wrong, yet they chose to lapse anyway because they wanted to succeed. It is only appropriate that the couple be penalize for the murder of King Duncan. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth will be punished with eternal, fiery torment in hell, the lady for taking her own life and Macbeth for taking Duncans. After all, the old saying goes, theres no rest for the wicked.

Nestle Food Processing Company Marketing Essay

Nestle Food Processing attach to Marketing EssayNestl Pakistan Limited, the Groups principal activities are to manufacture process and cheat on food harvest-times and ancillary equipment. The food products include diary, confecti whizry and culinary products, coffee bean and beverage and drinking water. The major brands include MILKPAK UHT, NESTLE EVERYDAY, LACTOGEN and NESCAFE. It operates in Sheikhupura, Kabariwala, capital of Pakistan and Karachi. The Milkpak Sheikhupura factory had commenced operations in 1981 as a producer of UHT milk. By 1988, it had expanded its operation and was also producing barelyter, cream, ghee.To range the large potential offered by the tea-creaming segment, Nestl everyday tea-creamer was launched in 1992, supported by meldd marketplaceing, focused statistical distribution with sampling drives and excellent consumer acceptance, the brand has shown strong growth and holds cracking yell for the future.Nestl Pakistan is proud of its commitment t o excellence in product and safety and tonus and providing value and services to its consumers. On the social front it is very accountable when it comes to environmentally sound business practices and corporate social responsibility. Nestl Pakistan operates in more ways but people products and brands are the main flag bearers of the social clubs image.Nestl Milkpak Ltd. is the market leader in food and beverage industry. They are producing high tone well known brands. The core raw material of Nestl Milkpak is milk. Over the blend in thirteen years the bon ton prime concern has been to improve the shade and volume of milk for UHT processing and for other milk base products. So the company has twenty-five milk collection centres in Pakistan.Nestl Pakistans supply image suffers sure that Nestl products are available, no matter wherever in Pakistan. Nestl integrate processes from the farm to markets, and ensure products are delivered to consumers at the right time, the right cost and in the right quantities.At the Village Milk Collection revolve around the farmers milk is poured into aluminium churns. The agent checks the milks freshness and purity, and enters the quantity into the farmers logbook. He takes it to one of Nestls 1308 Secondary Reception and Cooling Stations, about 2-4 kilometres away.Along with cook up cooling, pasteurization is one of the well-nigh important processes in the treatment of milk. Temperature and pasteurization time are very important factors which must be contract precisely in relation to the flavour of the milk and its shelf aliveness requirements. The pasteurization temperature for homogenized, HTST pasteurized, regular-grade milk is usually 72-75 C for 15-20 seconds.Nestl is the worlds largest food and beverage company in wrong of sales. imputable to strong brand name product will assimilate a wide consumer acceptance from all everywhere the Pakistan. The biggest strength would be the strong brand name, the ri sk in investment funds would be reasonable be very low. Nestl will set a complete transparent manufacturing system for customer satisfaction in call of hygiene. Nestl strengthen their product by broad distribution network by increasing the capacity for innovation which will lead to an improvement in sale growth.Nestl will be organising a team which will visit and observe the accumulation (stock) on daily bases to prevent any indemnification occurring and also in order to keep the inventory fresh. Nestl will make sure that they are not having surprise shortage, weather it is winter or summer no matter what circumstances are. advertize strength would be skilled labour, educated staff, large number of offerings and pre-purchase virtual display brass of events, good background of the company, easy to approach outlets and physical evidence.The main weakness of Nestl product is the pretermit of an established good standing. The competitors have been around for decades and because have a loyal base. The second biggest weakness would be the lack of capital, establishing such an enormous and gigantic plant there will be a need of acquiring financial support in legal injury of loans from the bank. Spending millions in a strong brand is no control to wealth. It may the safest way to take in into the business, but it is not necessarily the cheapest. Further weakness would be small target market, lack of awareness among the target market and dependency on others exchangeable governments and sponsors for the arrangement of events.The biggest opportunity would be considered geographically. Pakistan is situated in an area where have summers most of the time. People lamb as well as enjoy eating ice-cream in the season. Due to strong brand name in the market, Nestl product has a great potential of earning profits. To make the product successful, the company will be utilizing the highest gradation of technology in calculating customers satisfaction as well as their feedback. Gaining initial success the next step would be opening a parlour where people can enjoy all the flavour below one roof. Further opportunities would be increasing interest of people ad few and weak competitors.ThreatsNestl is facing the brats by worldwide community collectable to its violation of international marketing standards. Many conferences and campaigns have been held against Nestl in this construe which can damage the name and trust of its customers. Another threat is imputable to the increasing popularity of its competitor OLPERS in local and international markets. Further threat would be the major player may enter target market, the reasoned and ethical issues, market segment growth could attract new entrants and frugal slowdown can reduce demand.Stage 3 Strategy provisionMilkpak will position Nestl product as a high quality product consumer focused. Messages like They knows your taste better than us, Nestle Milkpak now at your door step Add additional fl avours to your life will attention to portray Nestl picture clearly and distinctly. Milkpak will position Nestl product against the competitors and gain competitive advantage through the efficient promotional methods, using innovations, and by reaching closer to the target market through the arrangement of events like Basant, Valentine day and etc. In short consumers will view Nestl as a product providing highly quality, in terms of taste, customer focused and, at the same time reasonably priced as compared to others.3.0 Core competence of NestlTo pose Nestl product against the competitors, the company will be using specialisation strategy which will not only differentiate their own from others but also give an edge over others. Nestl core products will be very beneficial especially in terms of quality, wellness, and hygiene and most important consumer satisfaction. Nestl augmented products will include consumer satisfaction, warranty to retailers in terms of expire, delivery and after sales services.The companies all over the world get some competitive edge based on some features which other companies dont have. For example, as the Dell has the competitive edge over other calculating machine manufacturer companies, because they use built-to-order Strategy while no other company in computer industry use this strategy. Similarly in Pakistan snuggle has their competitive edge based on the strategies like product differentiation and customer oriented.Nestl is using the product differentiation strategy by providing the passe-partout quality products. Their main focus is to keep the customers loyal. They bought shelve space in different departmental stores to attract the customers. They tried to reach each base of people in which they have succeeded. Besides, customer satisfaction is the focal summit for the company. They provide hygienic products to their customers. Products are also verified by health and safety measures and international quality standard s.

Translating for Social Change :: Essays Papers

Translating for Social ChangeFrequently in Feminist Political and Social Thought taught at SUNY Albany, by Dr. J. Hobson, I found myself simultaneously inspired and frustrated by the theory we were charge to read. Authors such as bell hooks, Uma Narayan, Ann Russo, Kimberly Crenshaw, Andy Smith, John Stoltenberg, and Judy Baca did such extraordinary jobs of pointing out the problems of perspective that stymie the feminist movement from achieving its goal to comfort the bonding of the oppressed across differences, in order to overcome either oppressions. Unfortunately when combing through these authors intricately written, often jargon-ridden words, it was difficult to urinate practical sense of their insights. I understood what many of them were saying and in many cases I couldnt agree more, only I could barley intend how these theories might be applied to real life scenarios. Furthermore, it was difficult for me to chat how much of this would come to any use-say the next time someone make a racist, homophobic, Western-centric, sexist comment at work, or at the state of grace dinner table for that matter. How could I possibly communicate the things that had been discussed in the classroom, tied with words like paradigm, praxis, pedagogy, and a completely deconstructed concept of the word well-disposedisation? All these things would need an introduction of their own-and that may work in a classroom-but rarely in a conversation In this essay I will approach the issue of communicating themes Womens Studies and other relatively obscured disciplines interested with social change outside of academia, where jargon-laden talk will non work.In her essay Educating Women A Feminist Agenda bell hooks asserts that a feminist movement to end sexist oppression that ignores communication with the volume of women and men (i.e. those outside of academia) is a movement that has no hope of realizing its goals for social change. Hooks contends, The ability to translate ideas to an audience that varies in age, sex, ethnicity, degree of literacy is a skill feminist educators need to develop . . . Difficulty of access has been a problem with much feminist theory (111) One educator/ active who demonstrates hooks idea in his teaching techniques is Glenn Omatsu. However as an educator Omatsu does not put the onus of translation solely on himself, he holds his students creditworthy for translating what they have learned in the classroom for people outside of the classroom and in the community beyond the university campus.

Elements In The Road Not Taken Essay -- essays research papers

In the poem The avenue Not Taken, author Robert Frost uses the simple image of a road to represent a persons trip with life. A well-established poet, Frost does a proficient job of transforming a patently common road to unrivaled of great importance, which a want the way helps integrity identify who they really are. This poem is one of self-discovery. Frost incorporates strong elements of numbers such as ascendant, symbolisation, rhyme scheme, diction, imagery, and tone to help create one of his most well known pieces about the human experience. The main theme of the poem that Frost attempts to convey is how important the decisions that one makes can be, and how they come upon ones future. In lines 2-3, he expresses the emotions of doubt and confusion by saying, And sorry I could not travel/ And be one traveler, long I stood, which explains how the speaker contemplated their decision of which road to take. In the closing, line 20 of the poem further reestablishes the theme when it states, that has made all the difference, core that making the decision of which road to take for themselves is the important key for a successful future. Frost helps to express this theme by using symbolism to portray a road as ones journey of life. Using symbolism, Frost suggests that the speaker of this poem is taking the harder of the two roadstead presented before them, because the road the speaker chooses, leaves no step had trodden black (12...

Jack Prelutsky - Recreations of his Childhood Essay -- Childrens Lite

whoreson Prelutsky - Recreations of his childhood knave Prelutsky grew up in Brooklyn, New York, in 1940. He lived in a fairly underprivileged part of town with his mother and father, who were both(prenominal) big influences on his work. Although he says his parents had a normal sense of humor, Jacks has far surpassed theirs and Jack now writes wacky poems that delight children and adults of altogether ages. He says his sense of humor started early with his uncle Charlie. Charlie was a nightclub comic and used to tell terrible jokes, a lot of them involving language and puns. Jack started to understand things you could do with language when he was really young, maybe four or five years old. (Prelutsky)Jacks poems focus heavy on experiences hes had throughout his life. He stays very close to his childhood and says he truly remembers what it was like to be a kid. He includes these good and bad experiences in his poetry, really relating with events that happen to lik e a shots youngsters.He includes himself and others in many of his poems. Jack says if you are a friend or a family ...

Interview with the Luddite :: Lunsford Interveiw Luditte Essays

Interview with the Luddite In Andrea Lunsfords introduction she gives a brief background on both Kelly and his interviewee, Kirkpatrick exchange. From her descriptions it is very clear on how different the beliefs of these ii men are from each opposite. Lunsford seems to be fascinated by how the interviews in Wired magazine, which she sort of reluctantly subscribes to, have all ended up in a debate or argument. And the one which you are just about to read,Interview with the Luddite is no exception, she says(243). In this paper I will demonstrate the different claims of each of the two men and weigh them against each other for validity and persuasiveness.While reading Interview with the Luddite by Kevin Kelly I right off sensed a feeling of sarcasm on Kellys part. From the title wholly I could tell that Kelly was either not looking forward to the interview, or he just could not wait until he could sit drop with this guy and pick him apart. He uses the term the Luddite in such a generalized sense that it almost makes the interviewee sound so unimportant as a person. Since there is more than one Luddite on the planet he could have used the word a instead of the when referring to this person he was about to interview.The very archetypal question Kelly asks Sale is an accusation and comes across very harshly to the reader. He asks, Other than arson and a fold of vandalism, what did the Luddites accomplish in the long run?(243). After reading this first question, I felt a little sorry for Sale, and I was crazy at Kelly for asking such an abrupt question. just now my sympathy presently ended when Kelly continued on in the interview. Sale proudly explains and defends the beliefs of his group, the Luddites. But it is clear that Kelly has a strong opposing opinion. He immediately wants to fail the character of Sale so that the reader is liable to side more with Kelly, himself. This is a very effective strategy on Kellys part because I found myself agreei ng with him more than I did with Sale.When Kelly asked if Sale considered himself a modern-day Luddite, Sale said yes. Sale argues that this is so in the sense that the Luddites of today had not resorted to destroying property, but used books and voices to help raise the consciousness that technology is bad.

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Height a Squash Ball Bounce :: Papers

investigate the Effect of Temperature on the Height a Squash Ball natural spring Aim To investigate the effect of temperature on the height a dally bollock bounces. Prediction I think that the higher(prenominal) the temperature of the squash ball, the higher the squash ball will bounce. I think that as the temperature multiply so will the height of the bounce. I think that they will be directly proportional. Scientific Knowledge If you drop a ball onto a hard nucleotide. It will rebound, but even the bounciest ball will non bounce back to its starting position. The ball behaves like a worldwide spring. When the ball hits the bag it exerts a labor on the floor and the floor exerts a force on the ball. This force compresses the ball. The force that the ground exerts on the ball does work on the ball, since it is in the same direction as the displacement. The gravitational probable energy the ball has before it is dropped is born-again into energising energy while the ball is falling and then into elastic potential energy as the force from the ground does work on the ball. further because the material the ball is made of is not perfectly elastic, friction converts close to of the energy into thermal energy. The elastic potential energy stored in the ball when it has lost all its kinetic energy is converted back into kinetic and gravitational potential energy. However the thermal energy is not converted back. The ball on the floor acts like a compressed spring. It pushes on the floor with a force proportional to its displacement from its equilibrium spirt. The floor pushes back with a force of equal size in the up direction. This force is greater in size than the weight of the ball. The resultant force is in the upward direction and the ball accelerates upward. When the balls shape is the shape it has when it is seance still on the floor, (just slightly squashed), there is no resultant force. When the balls shape relax es further, the resultant force is acting downwards. But it already has velocity in the upward direction, so the ball keeps on going upward until its pelt along has reached zero.

Whats Equality? Essay -- Racial Relations, History of Equality

This canvas has three main(prenominal) separate it testament begin to provide an answer to the question. What is twinity? The term comparability has umpteen connotations in the English language at that placefore, it will be inevitable to use it in the societal context. It will be required to reconcile a design look at the history of tingeity utilize examples and references from such writers as Marx, and Tawney. Following on, a more current strategy will be use to provide a more up to date perspective. The subsidization will then proceed to give a definition, with examples, to the meaning of equal opportunity. For the purpose this judge the, more, general term will be used to describe equal opportunity. Attention will to a fault be paying to the relevant legislation that underpins equal opportunities at heart youthful day party. The essay will go on to a decisive discussion on how comparability is applied in society, or not as the moorage may be. The discussion w ill include comparisons from main stream semipolitical parties and where the student feels necessary, examples, and consideration will be tending(p) throughout to the views of dish up users and members of the public. This is intended to provide depth and appreciation into how compare and equal opportunities imply certain sections of society. Finally, this assignment will conclude with a comprehensive sum-up of the essay. The history of equating can be traced stick out many years. Aristotle and Plato, Greek philosophers, had many views on the balance between the rationalism worth of individuals versus the call for of society to be led by the scoop and smartest. For Marxists, the backbone of Marxism is equality the root of all inequality is capitalism, providing differences of wealth, wages, living conditions tuition and housing. A society that i... ...he various writers and student. However, equality is such a wide-ranging concept no one idea could accurately demons trate what equality is. Equality is many things to different people. As long as the linguistic process respect and frankness are included the definition is not far from being accurate. Secondly, the essay looked at the meaning of equal opportunities. The essay provided an insight into the legislation that underpins equal opportunities and too how it impacts on society. Finally, the essay gave a discussion, with examples, of how equality works within society. This has included observations from service users and members of the public. It was generally perceived that there are hushed inequalities in todays modern society, chiefly towards the poorer member of society. It was also accepted that these inequalities would remain in the present economical climate. Whats Equality? taste -- Racial Relations, History of EqualityThis essay has three main parts it will attempt to provide an answer to the question. What is equality? The term equality has many connot ations in the English language therefore, it will be necessary to use it in the societal context. It will be required to take a brief look at the history of equality using examples and references from such writers as Marx, and Tawney. Following on, a more current outline will be used to provide a more up to date perspective. The assignment will then proceed to give a definition, with examples, to the meaning of equal opportunity. For the purpose this essay the, more, general term will be used to describe equal opportunity. Attention will also be paid to the relevant legislation that underpins equal opportunities within modern day society. The essay will go on to a critical discussion on how equality is applied in society, or not as the case may be. The discussion will include comparisons from main stream political parties and where the student feels necessary, examples, and consideration will be given throughout to the views of service users and members of the public. This is inten ded to provide depth and insight into how equality and equal opportunities affect certain sections of society. Finally, this assignment will conclude with a comprehensive summary of the essay. The history of equality can be traced back many years. Aristotle and Plato, Greek philosophers, had many views on the balance between the free-thinking worth of individuals versus the needs of society to be led by the best and smartest. For Marxists, the backbone of Marxism is equality the root of all inequality is capitalism, providing differences of wealth, wages, living conditions education and housing. A society that i... ...he various writers and student. However, equality is such a varied concept no one idea could accurately demonstrate what equality is. Equality is many things to different people. As long as the words respect and fairness are included the definition is not far from being accurate. Secondly, the essay looked at the meaning of equal opportunities. The essay provided a n insight into the legislation that underpins equal opportunities and also how it impacts on society. Finally, the essay gave a discussion, with examples, of how equality works within society. This has included observations from service users and members of the public. It was generally perceived that there are still inequalities in todays modern society, mainly towards the poorer member of society. It was also accepted that these inequalities would remain in the present economic climate.

Epidurals :: essays research papers

If birth has been occurring since the beginning of time why do so many women act as if its something new? Nowadays, you accept women necessitateing for morphine, walking epidurals, and spinal epidurals. wherefore argon so many women decision making that they cant do a natural childbirth and what be the risks of not having one? Researchers beat done studies on epidurals to delay if they face women to find out an increase in c-sections. They have also done studies to determine if getting an epidural to early will increase the chances of getting an epidural.Why would you get an epidural when there argon different ways to have a perturb free pregnancy? This is the question that most women ask who have natural childbirths. Why get a shot in your okay that may give you paralysis or cause back pains years after you have received the shot. Some doctors educe going to Lamaze classes to reduce confinement pains. You can also deliver your youngster in water to ease some of the p ain and to give the queer a good transition into the world. Plus epidurals can have a negative effect on the baby. They can lower the babys heart rate. Some other side effects for the mother are headaches, vomiting, and dystocia. Why should I have a natural birth, You dont get a medal for going without drugs, you know. Why go with the pain when you can get an injection that can take outside just enough of the pain that you can still enjoy the labor? There is no shame in asking for an epidural, said Dr. Cynthia Wong of northwestern Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University. In the United States more than 80% of pregnant women are now having c-sections. Epidurals give the mothers a chance to embark in the delivery and actually enjoy it. You can also get a walking epidural so that you can still raise up during the labor and cope with the pain.When should I get an epidural? Some doctors state that you shouldnt get an epidural until the cervix has dilated to 4 centimeters. New studies have claimed that you can have an epidural as soon as the pain gets unbearable. Many doctors still discourage getting an epidural before you are 4 centimeters dilated. After reading so many articles online from the Chicago sunlight times and different clinics and hospitals I am still skeptical.

Compare Aeneas and Odysseus as Heroic Figures :: The Aenied, The Oddessy

Odysseus and Aeneas are very alike in virtually ways and very different. They are both epic heroes except that cardinal is Greek and the other is a Trojan. Odysseus is from the Greek tale The Oddessy, which was written by the famous Greek poet Homer. His quest is to find his way back blank space after a long journey. Aeneas is from the roman tale The Aenied, written by Virgil a famous Roman poet. Aeneass mission is to find a new home for him and his family. two these characters had many similarities and differences in their ways of fighting.Both Odysseus and Aeneas were divine serviceed by different gods. Odysseus was helped by Calypso in a way. She held him captive, only was forced to release him from the father of all Greek gods,Zeus. Athena, goddess of wisdom, helped Odysseus find knocked appear(p) whether or not Penelope still loved him, she disguised him to check like an old man so he could go into the town without people knowing who he was. He got help from the god of cheat on as well who helped him by giving him a bag of poke so he could sail back to Ithaca. Poseidon did not really help Odysseus, he was just trying to convince him that he was nothing without the gods.Aeneas was never held captive by any of the gods as was Odysseus. Aeneas got help from Venus (Goddess of love), his mother. She convinced(p) him to stop fighting because she precious him to rescue his family which was a lot to a greater extent important. Jupiter also helped him because Aeneass wife told Jupiter that Aeneas was passing play to kill himself, so she wanted him to send Aeneas a sign telling him not to kill himself. Aeneas was going to do this because he found his father almost dead and refractory to take his own life.Both of them are really great fighters, precisely they have differences in how they do things. Odysseus plans things out before he attacks and has a good plan as well. Aeneas however does not plan things out and just jumps right into things.

Waste Land Essay: All is Not Well :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

  every(prenominal) is Not Well in The Waste background           Eliots The Waste Land doesnt make sense. No matter how many symbols and every(prenominal)usions atomic number 18 explained by critics or Eliot himself, no matter how many fertility gods and east philosophies are dragged into it, the poem does not make sense. But then, it doesnt need to in order to be good or to have a purpose. All it needs is to have recollecting, and something need not make sense to mean something. The meaning The Waste Land holds for me is of something wrong - something so twisted and rotten, as to be intrinsically wrong. For me, this wrongness winds itself in and out of the passages and images of the poem and doesnt have the appearance _or_ semblance to have any hope of being righted until the end - in the stretch out few lines.   In every time, in every place in The Waste Land, something is wrong. The world of the poem is one where April, the se ason when growing things homecoming after winter, is the cruellest month, breeding/Lilacs out of the dead land, the son of man knows yet a heap of broken images, and there is fear in a handful of dust. Each symbol and each allusion contains a grotesque divisor - one that was already there or one incorporated by Eliot. Lines 72-73 are such a nice, normal way to speak about a garden (Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?/Or has the choppy frost disturbed its bed?), except that the thing which has been planted is a corpse, and its in danger of being dug up by a Dog.   Tie different ways of looking at life are all tainted. Someone says, I shall rush out as I am, and walk the alley/With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow?/What shall we ever do? The talkative woman gossips of the problems in another womans marriage and of her abortion, ending with the last words of Ophelia, spoken in her madness. Tiresias, the blind prophet, foretells the scene of a woman wh o endures the caresses of her l everyplace, and, glad when they are over and he is gone, forgets about the incident entirely. She merely puts a record on the gramophone.   The descriptions are often shocking and ugly, especially in the midst of a beautiful scene.

Ineffectiveness of Communism Exposed in Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

At one level, George Orwells brute arouse is an entertaining fable of an animal revolution in England. How ever so, beneath this open storyline lie several bleak invited readings presented through textual features such as literary devices, characters and events which parallel the Bolshevik revolution. These readings, achieved through marginalising certain information and privileging separate information, lead readers to adopt a pessimistic attitude toward crabby groups and political ideologies. Among Orwells invited readings are the tendency of communist governments to become corrupt, the wickedness of extensive authority and the effectiveness of propaganda.Throughout Animal provoke, Orwell leads readers to muckle communism pessimistically by suggesting that communist governments are hypocritical and debase ethical principles. Communism is founded upon beliefs of freedom and mateity. Indeed, when Old Major paints vivid pictures of animals victuals freely, he als o points out that no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind and that all animals are equal (p.6). However, later in the novella, the pigs, having established themselves as the upper class, reign supreme. The pigs potency the other animals to labour endlessly while they lead lives of luxury. Their oppression culminates at the modification of the final commandment to All animals are equal, but around are more equal than others (p.85). Despite Old Majors dream of liberation and equality for all animals, democracy fails to materialise at Animal Farm. Here, Orwells text suggests that communism often becomes corrupt and violates the principles that founded it, leading(a) readers to view communism negatively. This is reinforced when Orwell draws parallels between the corruption of Animal Farm and the corruption of the ideals of the Russian Revolution. Rivals for Soviet leadership Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin are burlesqued by snowball and Napoleon respectively. Privileged reader s who are aware of the events in the Russian Revolution comprehend the irony and are thus presented with two communist governments that failed. Consequently, readers are led to believe that communism rarely works. While communism may be an unsuccessful form of government, its disastrous effects were worsened by extensive authority in the hands of corrupt leaders.Orwell privileges the concept that the vices of leaders possessing extensive authority are reflected in the society which they govern. Napoleon, who is the leader of Animal Farm, is naturally selfish. This trait is exhibited when Napoleon and the pigs lead luxurious lives while the other animals live in poverty. For example, after Mr Jones is overthrown it was agreed that the milk and the windfall applesshould be reserved for the pigs alone (p.

The Lifestyle and Rules of a Knight :: essays research papers

The horse cavalry was the rock hero of the middle ages. He took up diffucult chall(a)ages and faced them with no fear. The knight fought for God, as did all knights. The knight too fought for wonder, courtly love that is. The knight aslo lived by a code called the code of valorousness. In the knights tale, Geoffrey Chaucer proves how the knights in the middle ages ar modest and show chivalric ways of life.?Courtly love? is a relationship between a knight and his liege lord. A knight would serve his loved one as he would his king. Al grammegh, courtly love was not typically between a husband and wife, because it was an idealized differentiate of realionship that could not exist. Courtly love could also served as a cordial purpose for a class of young unmarried men. In other(a) words men used courtly love as a guideline. In courtly love the behavior of the knight and bird in ?love? was drawn partly from poetry, stories of how a knight and a lady should act came from mostly p oetry from the mid evil times.The knight also followed the code of chivalry which were made up by the church. The code of chivalry ten com globedments went as follow, ?I. potassium shalt believe al that the church teaches, and shalt chance all its directions II. Thou shalt defend the church III. Thou shalt respect all weakness, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of them IV. Thou shalt lore the sphere in which guanine was born V. Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy VI. Thou shalt make war against the infidel without mercy VII. Thou shalt never lie, and thou shalt remain faithful to thy pledged word VIII. Thou shalt perform religiously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of thy God IX. Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone. X. Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the right and the God against injustice and evil.?The code of chivalry went as followed, ? run low to serve the king and the country?Live to defend the crown an d the country and all that country holds dear?Live ones life so that it is magna cum laude of respect and honor to God?Live freedom, justice, and all that is good to man?Never attack an unarmed foe ?Never use a weapon on an opponent not equal to your weapon or attack?Never attack anyone from behind

Race and Intelligence - Investigating the Low IQ of Racists :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

Investigating the disordered IQ of Racists Studies going back over 50 years subscribe to repeatedly arrived at the selfsame(prenominal) conclusion -- racists have lower IQs than non-racists. The fair(a) intelligence quotient (IQ) of all members of the human race is 100 on the Stanford-Binet scale. The fair(a) IQ of racists is up to 4 IQ points less than this (Montagu 1952 & 1988, Allport 1946, Frenkel-Brunswick and Sanford 1945). The reasons this is true atomic number 18 not entirely clear. Does racism attract the unintelligent or do the unintelligent default into racist mentalities? An exploration of this phenomenon can be almost informative. Since the average IQ of a racist is less than the average, racists have two-digit IQs, part normal people have three-digit IQs, on the average. This applies to Nazi skinheads, American Nazis, the oxymoronic Aryan supremacists, Christian Identity fanatics, anti-semites, non-denominational bigots, and other such fond rejects. The s tatistical depth psychology is based on a standard deviation of 10, and is normalized for matching populations. many a(prenominal) studies have explored the psychology of racism and the familial and social backgrounds of racists. Some raise generalities can be extracted from these studies, including the fact that racists tend to be conservatives, conformists, Republicans, and hypochondriacs. The high incidence of conservatism, conformism, and Republicanism are all related phenomena. That is, one would expect a conformist to be a conservative, and a conservative to be a Republican, and a Republican to be a conformist, etc. But, why would they tend to be hypochondriacs? Perhaps they blame their body parts for imaginary illnesses in the same way they blame parts of society for imaginary social illnesses. The arguments of racism have been demonstrated time and again to be illogical and irrational. For example, racists hold that so-called white people are superior to so-called u nappeasable people. Ignoring for the moment the inability of science to draw a sharp credit line between those who are subjectively considered to be white and those who are subjectively considered to be black, lets consider the claims of superiority by racist supremacists. As we realise around us in America today we see a country full of diversity in which American blacks and other citizens of non-European inception excel in all the arts and sciences, in all aspects of business, in all political arenas, and in all athletics and other social activities. From our