Early Sex Exposure to Youth

primordial f and so on upual exposure to juvenility Shekinah Lorcy Liberty University April 26,2012 Abstract Viewing and discussing the article Protecting younker from former(a) and ignominious internal experiences, by authors Lynn Rew, Katherine Bowman, the affects of other(a) sexual urgeual exposure towards youth what ways fe mannish genital organ that be prevented, and things p atomic number 18nts should be aw be of prior to their children organism exposed. Presenting personal thoughts and views on the current social problem, and raising awargonness. Finally considering from a Christian worldview, biblical facts plus scriptures.Does a placing person of high corporate trust individual out youth from early exposure to sex or any sort of sexual contact? Article Summary trip out is a perfection given give way, to form and multiply in a way thats honorable to Him. When used unwisely there squirt be serious consequences such as unwanted pregnancies, and STIs (sexual tra nsmit infections). In case of the article Protecting youth from early and abusive sexual experiences, by authors Lynn Rew, Katherine Bowman, they discuss advantages and disadvantages to early exposure to youth. In at presents society sex is portrayed a simple broker in life that has no repercussions or consequences when misused.From the television set shows, to Internet, to even the commercials placed, sex sells and rapidly is increasing into the norm of workaday society. Exposing sex to youth at an early age can cause emotional depression, physical malfunctions, and the premature outlook on life both morally and spiritually. The article reviews that parents that discourse with their children more freely and openly are less promising to try sexual intercourse at a younger age. (Lynn Rew, Katherine Bowman 2011) cunning the facts serve well for a pause understanding and less curiousness to testing.When parents blueprint impersonal relationship with their children, conversa tions such as sex come well to discuss amongst each former(a). Many parents believe that hiding or not placing an awareness about sex to their children volition make them less likely to strike sex when in fact it increases their chances greatly. Also youth that are active in domesticate with extra curricular activities such as being in sports teams arent quite too exposed to sex, compared to a child that goes straight cornerstone after classes turns on the TV everyday.Having their minds make full with academics along with extra curricular activities leaves for a balance and non acquaintance with sex. Early sexual contact can also depend on a childs environment. Raising a child close to drugs, execration and violence can increase the likelihood of having unprotected sex with others. Schools today are beginning to administer mandatory sex education classes with students as early as freshman in high school. Enforcing this behavior would usefulness for decreasing early sexual activity and furthermore raising familiarity for STIs (sexual transmitted infections), the causes and affects of diseases.Thoughts of early sexual exposure to youth as a Social problem As the years progress, sex is worthy a socially accepted norm. Teens who see and hear a give out about sex in the media may be more than in two ways as likely to have early sexual intercourse as those who are rarely exposed to sexual content. A new analyze shows that 12- to 14-year-olds exposed to the most sexual content in movies, music, magazines, and on television were 2. 2 times more likely to have had sexual intercourse. Teens are still at a stage mentally were theres still room for improvement.Corrupting it at a young age can lead to many negative affects such as rebellion against family, delinquency, and mental instability. In most cases when teens are going through puberty, they feel the involve and compression to fit in, and chances are people around them are adequate sexually active by peer pressure all around them. As a young teen in high school I had no common knowledge of sex. Coming from a single parent home my mother and I didnt have the nearest relationship, so a conversation about sex was never brought up.The study was only gained through friends, associates and a few close family members, which wasnt the exceed possible thing to do. If my relationship were closer to my mom I would have approached her about it, but my curiosity lead me to seek other options from other people. Females like myself with just a single parent in the home like a mom we usually seek a male figure for the lack of one not being in the home. devolve on is usually acted upon earlier, for the fact of a lack of attention.They get too capture easily since they are being displayed affection whether or not its emotionally or physically. Many times when these decisions are made they are based off of temporary emotion that can affect you in a permanent way, for example early pregnancy . Christian Worldview When combining a strong faith its always best to place scripture with growth and temptations of this world. Families that raise more awareness and concern when comparing everyday scenarios with scripture can help youth in the family have a better understanding.Reading scripture daily with family causes for expansion of wisdom and can help for better decision making when coming to teen and early sexual exposure. Sex was originally made by god to share mingled with husband and wife with intentions of multiply, and bringing in life to this world. Today sex has lost its initial meaning, people are abusing Gods gift by using it for just selfish temporary pleasures. Sex to begin with marriage is only breaking the covenant between man and God to remain pure for your husband and wife.We are so caught up in what the world has to offer that we lose focus on God and his contentedness about sex. Purposely abusing sex for self-interested intentions is in a way profanit y God and saying that Hes not important and the banter being offered has no relevance to their lives. While God was on macrocosm he sacrificed plenty for us mentally, spiritually and emotionally. The least we can do is return that unconditional love back to Him. He was tempted in the wilderness by the devil, cursed by people, betrayed by his closest friends, hung on the blow and the list continues today in our lives.Due to the fall cause by tenner and Eve sin is easily influenced in our lives. Having God, as our personal messiah and becoming more like Him can lead of to a better path in life. Although the road not is easily God will help us every step of the way, as for temptations with sexual impurities, etc. Making a way out of no way God will always see you through. Reference Rew, L. (2008, January). Protecting youth from early and abusive sexual experiences . Retrieved from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0FSZ/is_1_34/ai_n24923909/pg_2/? tag=contentcol1

Nursing Education Essay

This paper will outline the protestences in competencies between fellow traveler Degree in treat (ADN), and Bachelor in Science of Nursing (BSN) on the watch nurses. Then identify a windupuring c be web site describing how breast feeding care or approaches to decision making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse. The Free online Dictionary (2013) depicts competency as The quality of being competent or capable of performing an dispense die hard. Here is a comparison of two disparate path slipway to becoming a Registered Nurse join Degree in Nursing (ADN), and Bachelor in Science of Nursing (BSN) platforms. Born out of the care for shortage in 1952, the Associate Degree nurse came in to fruition thanks to Mildred Montag. The Associate Degree computer program for Registered Nurses is two-three years space. This program does hold academic book of particulars based on clinical and general studies preparing these students to be able to function a s technical bedside nurses. At the end of the ADN program students are entitled to trade the NCLEX-RN (Creasia & Reid, 2011).The Bachelors of Science program is four years in length and actually regarded by the American Nurse association as the master entry level requirement to becoming a Registered Nurse (Smith, 2009). This program originated in 1909. The BSN program is based on manifest based fare, conjunction nursing, and prepares these nurses for leadership roles whereas the ADN programs do not function to prepare nurses in leadership roles (Creasia & Reid, 2011). This is due to the program providing education, described by Creasia & Reid, 2011, also on nurture management, health care policy and finance, communication/collaboration, clinical Prevention/ world health and professional values. (p. 25). At the end of the program these Nurses are desirable to take the NCLEX-RN.With differences in the level of education among RNs this brings up the controversial topic of Do t he difference in educational levels of BSN ready nurse and ADN nurse make the much educated BSN more prepared for the challenges of nursing today? on that point is much more research essential on this topic. Online diarys much(prenominal) as Policy Politics Nursing arrange Ellenbecker, 2011 state, Todays environment of expanding knowledge, the call for interdisciplinary healthcare speech communication teams, and evidence of the relationship between nurse education and improved uncomplaining outcomes strongly indicate the need for nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level. (115-125). Studies such as Aiken (2003) depict negative outcomes such as failure to speech and mortality were nineteen share lower in hospitals post-surgical forbearings where sixty percent of the nurses had baccalaureate degrees. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing 2003 provide an entire fact sheet depicting how BSN nurses may be more prepared than sheepskin or ADN to meet the demands of nursing today.They state this is due to the broader span of assembly line work provided in the BSN program. The BSN nurse learns what the diploma and ADN nurse learn only receive a more in depth experience so allowing them enhanced professional development, a greater understating of cultural, political, economic and social issues affecting patients and influencing health care delivery. (AACN 2003). Nurses holding a BSN education could indeed be more able to provide the approach of looking at the patient as a whole, as well as enhanced deprecative considering skills. (AACN 2003). One clinical example that depicts the difference in patient care situation describing how nursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree.The issue of may provide different approaches to decision making is appropriate. There are studies that support that BSN prepared nurses are better prepared and studies th at allude that at that place is no significant difference in care delivered by BSN compared to the care delivered ADN and Diploma nurses. When faced with the evidence that BSN prepared nurses are taught a higher level of education and to utilize evidence based practice (AACN 2003) (Creasia & Reid, 2011). The BSN prepared nurse may be better prepared to think more critically and research why they do a line of work and not just do the task blindly. For instance evidence-based practice provides hospitals with ways to decrease CAUTI from occurring (AJIC 2011). This is Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). According to AJIC 2011, CAUTI are common, morbid, and costly. some 25% of hospitalized patients are catheterized yearly, and 10% develop urinary tract infections. recite based guidelines exist for indwelling urinary catheter management but are not consistently followed. (pp. 1-6). Being educated enough to look up what the evidence based practice guidelines on cathet ers are can significantly increase positive patient outcomes. Furthermore, AJIC 2011 states also that when nurses where re-educated on a staple fiber skill and infusing best evidence into current practice were important to grow awareness of simple interventions that positively impacted patient outcomes and infusing best evidence into current practice were important to raise awareness of simple interventions that positively impacted patient outcomes. (pp. 1-6).Nurses who are more educated on reasons merchantman evidence based practice understand the importance of implementing it into current nursing practice. So it could be said that a BSN prepared nurse is more likely to utilize the practice guidelines that are evidence based. This provides an example how a BSN nurse could be more likely to make a different judgment call than a diploma or and nurse and take initiative to ask the MD for an order to support an evidence-based decision. To summarize there three pathways to becoming a Registered Nurse Diploma, ADN, and BSN programs. Each has unique qualities. The program that offers a more in-depth education is the BSN program. All programs lead to the same end point of allowing the student to the NCLEX-RN. There are varying viewpoints on whether or not a BSN versus ADN nurse is better educationally prepared for the nursing workforce today.ReferencesAmerican Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2013). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved on January 18, 2013 from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education Aiken, L. H. (2003). Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290 , 16171623. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077115/ Creasia, J. L., & Reid, PHD, RN, K. B. (2011). Conceptual foundations the bridge to professional nursing practice. (5th ed.). Ch. 2, pp.1-39. St. Louis, molybdenum Elsevier Mosby . Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-06869-7 Ellenbecker PhD, RN, C. (2010, 08 30). Policy politics and nursing practice preparing the Nursing workforce of the Future. vol. 11 no. 2 115-125. Retrieved from on January 19, 2013 http//ppn.sagepub.com/content/11/2/115.abstract Farlex, Inc. (2013). The free dictionary. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.thefreedictionary.com/competenciesOman, K. S., & Flynn Makic, M. B. (2011). Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections. American Journal of Infection Control, 1-6. Retrieved on January 19, 2013 from http//www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/medicine/hcpr/cauti/documents/TeamPublications/Nurse-Directed Interventions to Reduce Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections.pdf

Early to Middle Childhood Essay

If you ever seen a preschooler hurry off to play with a neighborhood friend, you know the enjoywork forcet that boorren win from being with their peers. Aside from this enjoyment, peer relationship is significant to a nestlings fond development. At the beginning of early childhood up to the philia childhood, children become less dependent on their p atomic number 18nts. At the be on of 2, children play independently with their toys but later in this period, children will turn tail to play with interaction. This change in the mode of playing of children will be testisized in the start of school age.Other than enjoyment, play becomes a material for brotherly improvements. It allows children to be to a greater extent competent in their social interactions with others and serves as a way to develop self-control. They avoid hitting an opposition who outlasted them and they tend to develop control of emotions (Selman et al. , 1983 Feldman, 1982). Piagets Theory of Cognitive kno wledge The possibility of psychologist Jean Piaget is the most well cognize of all the theories in cognitive development. He suggested two dos during early childhood and middle childhood.The proceeding from one stage to another requires a proper amount of suppuration and experiences. Preoperational salute (2 to 7 years) The mapping of language is the major development during the preoperational stage. In this stage, children develop their sense of representation of the world that allows them to describe people, events, and feelings. They even use symbols in play to represent a particular object. For example, a handwriting that was pushed across the floor is a car for them. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) The mastery of the concept of conservation marked the beginning of the concrete operation stage.During this stage, children develop their ability to think in a to a greater extent logical manner. The egocentrism characteristic of the preoperational period is slowly disappearing in this stage. One of the things that the children learn at this stage is the principle of reversibility, the idea that virtually changes can be undone by reversing the earlier action that terminus to the change. Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development In trying to trace the class of social development, Eric Erikson developed the most comprehensive theory of social development.He included two stages during childhood which include the initiative versus guilt stage and the industry versus inferiority stage. Initiative versus Guilt Stage (age 3 to 6) In this stage, the major conflict is the desire of a child to initiate an occupation independently but feeling the guilt that bring by the consequences of such activity. Parents take a big part in helping their child to adapt with this stage. They should react positively and take time to resolve problems low this stage. Industry versus Inferiority Stage (age 6-12)During this period, successful psychosocial developmen t is featured by increasing competency across all tasks, may it be social interactions or academic skills. Intelligence Intelligence can take on many different meanings. A person who reason logically and locate more solutions in a problem is considered intelligent. Another is verbal abilities which are also attributed as being intelligent. Intelligence in a more focused meaning is the capacity to understand the world, think critically and rationally and use resources in an effective manner when face with challenges.The first formal intelligent test was performed by Alfred Binet. He used this test to recognise the dullest student in Paris school system in nightspot to provide them with corrective assistance. However, theories of intelligence began to unravel the mysteries of our intellect. One of the first theory in intelligence assumed that there was a single component contributing to psychological ability, called the g-factor (Spearman, 1927). Consequently, psychologist L. L. T hurstone suggested that there are several primary mental abilities underlying general intelligence.By using innovative statistical technique, he classified a variety of subcomponents of intelligence which includes numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, reminiscence and verbal comprehension. Other than that, Howard Gardner proposed an idea that we reach seven multiple intelligence. In these seven multiple intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, and interpersonal intelligence can be seen during childhood years. Gender Identity Our society holds well-defined stereotypes about men and women, and they prevail regardless of age, economic status, and social and educational background.Although the difference in many studies about men and women may conclude large difference, dormant it is not the reality. In considering the differences that were documented, it can be seen that there are more similarity than difference between men and women. One of the mo st known differences between men and women is their degree of aggression. By the time they are 2 years old, boys tend to show more aggression than girls and this continues throughout their lifespan. Furthermore, during the middle childhood, children are quite different in the level of self-esteem.Girls, on the average, have lower self-esteem compared to boys. References Feldman, R. S. (1982). Development of non-verbal behavior in children. New York Spriner-Verlag. Harder, A. F. The developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Learning Place Online. Retrieved April 3, 2009 http//www. support4change. com/stages/cycles/Erikson. html Selman, R. L. , Schorin, M. Z. , Stone, C. R. & Phelps, E. (1983). A naturalistic study of childrens social understanding. Developmental Psychology, 19, 82-102 Spearman, C. (1927). The Abilities of Man. London Macmillan.

Jessica’s Silence Within the Merchant of Venice

Jessicas Silence Within Shakespe bes tragic comedy, The Merchant of Venice, one is unfastened to yet a nonher one of his works that has an intensely packed plot line full of different characters with their own complex subplots that contribute to the main plot. mavin of the main characters, Jessica, is little girl of shylock, who is a wealthy Jewish moneylender in Venice. Shylock is characterized as a villainous type of character indoors the play, partly because of being a Jew and partly because of his rude and mean exterior.Within the subplot of Jessica and Shylocks relationship, it is clearly visable by Shylocks treat workforcet of his daughter that she has become resentful of not merely being his daughter, but in addition of being a Jew. When Jessica decides to rob her father of quite a geek of his money and property through an arranged setup with Lorenzo, the man she plans to bolt subsequently the robbery, she takes not only many things worth a swell value, but also the ring that her father had bought her mother.When Shylock learns of his daughter not only deserting him and robbing him, but taking such invaluable and prized possession as the ring, he is utterly heartbroken. After trading the ring for a diddle and marrying Lorenzo, Jessica is faced with a deep moral guilt in identification number 5, Scene 1 when exposed to how Portia feels after tricking Bassiano to give the ring forth while she was disguised. In Act 5, Scene 1, Jessica is completely silent after Portia and the others enter and they begin to discuss all of the disguise and trickery that had happened.When the men are told that Portia and Nerissa were in disguise and tricked the men of their rings, rings that the men had swore to relieve for eternity, Jessica is exposed to how much love and emotion was attached to those rings. One would cipher that it must have been a shameful kick in the bide to see past the fog that her love for Lorenzo has caused and realize that the hurt th at these women are experiencing is the same pain that her father must have felt when realizing that Jessica, his only flesh and blood, the only person he could possibly love in this world, took one of his most sentimental treasures and traded it for a damn monkey.

Importance of Science Essay

One of my old, f haloly innocuous posts has been climbing up the popularity lists The Importance of scientific discipline in Our Lives. Its just a link to an article online with a little commentary. I see on my statistics pages that a lot of throng arrive using google searches of Importance of cognizance. I wonder if this is a vernacular school assignment for students, e.g., Write virtually the splendor of skill in the modern valet de chambre or some new(prenominal) similar variation, and and so off they go to google to get their answers rather than thinking for themselves. Maybe thats too cynical. Anyway, I impart been intending to follow up with some more than specific and simply worded reasons that wisdom is authoritative to not just me (e.g., my income), exactly to our civilization to mean solar day. Science is important beca ingestion1. we dont become to pay off some integritys word for some involvement, we sens test their claims. 2. horrible diseases can be br ing backd, or prevented entirely, and it can still provide hope for those with as- further-incur satisfactory diseases. 3. populate who love each(prenominal) other can talk to each other whenever they deficiency no matter how far apart they ar in the domain, and can be together the next day. 4. erudition can judge us what has ca employ mass extinctions and point the way to preventing similar catastrophes in the future. 5. cognizance can make us feel big and special for taking into custody the age of the Earth, the nature of stars, and the size of the universe, even if those things dwarf us. 6. apprehension saves lives.7. it has helped us to no longer need to worry about personal endurance as our top priority, giving us more time for love, laughter, singing, and dancing. 8. whenever one problem is solved another two rear up to defy its place, so the need for science will never go obsolete. 9. science gives us super mightinesss, like looking across the universe, seeing a toms, flying across the Earth or to the moon, moving mountains, and harnessing the energy of the sun. 10. science, in the long run, is the moreover reliable way to figure things out in a world that is so seldom fair and impartial. Well, those be ten of mine. I could work out or further justify each of these, and for straightaway I will leave these here to ferment some more. Theres a darker version of this list that would talk about guns, nuclear bombs, and more, notwithstanding Ill pass on that for now. Violence isnt nice, but it certainly is important.Science is e actuallywhere in todays world. It is part of our periodic lives, from cooking and gardening, to recycling and comprehending the daily weather report, to recitation a single-valued function and using a computer. Advances in applied science and science are transforming our world at an incredible pace, and our childrens future will surely be filled with leaps in technology we can only imagine. Being science literat e will no longer be just an value but an absolute necessity. We cant escape from the significance of science in our world. The present era is the era of science. Science has undoubtedly through with(p) a great service to partkind. Man, a rational being, has been curious to search mysteries of nature and this led to many a(prenominal) discoveries being make in unlike part of the world. But he is never satisfied with the acquired cognition and is al slipway keen to unravelle mysteries of the universe. He has conquered the land and air. His incredible lust for friendship has revolutionised valet de chambre invigoration story and raised the standard of life. He was able to invent innumerous ways of do his life comfortable and happy.E actually sphere of life has been revolutionised by science. There demand been innumerable tricks. One of the greatest inventions is the invention of care fors. There has been a series of tests carried out using animals as subjects and misc ellaneous medicines have been tried out on these animals to check their efficacy. Many inglorious diseases can now be cured because we have the drug to press out those diseases. It has reduced the rate of infant mortality and increased the life span. beforehand these inventions millions of great deal died for lack of medical care. Science has given us many machines that have made our lives very comfortable. Buses, cars, sewing machines, mixes, grinders, etc. are alone(a) machines that are used every day by us and the denudation of electricity has made it executable for us to change night into day and summer into a comfortable cool season It is now painless to cultivate fields as we have tractors. New forms of irrigation are now being employed. It is easier to protect the crops because of the use of various chemicals and pesticides. Even mosquitoes can be driven away because of the discoveries made in science. It has enabled man to entertain himself in many ways. TV, radio, v ideo and the cinema are all popular elbow room of entertainment. Besides entertainment they educate the masses.Today the computer has made life even more easy for us. The press, the government agency of communication, etc. have all improved because of science and its gifts to us. Before understanding the importance of science and technology, it is important for us to understand that science and technology are closely associated with our lives. They are closely linked aspects of party and the studies and developments in both of science and technology are inseparable for the overall progress of society. Why is technology so important? How does scientific development affect society? Let us find out.Scientific research comprises a wide variety of fields ranging from the get wind of different branches of science to relatively advanced fields like place exploration, merciful genetics and cloning. Scientific study attempts to explore and understand the workings of the physical worl d. It tries to analyze the occurrences in nature and gain crawl inledge about nature through experimentation.As scientific research aims at gaining knowledge of the complexities of nature, it is important for the progress of mankind. The seemingly impossible feats have been made possible, thank to the scientific research.Natural sciences deal with the study of nature and kind life. The studies of natural and arranged sciences reveal the relationship between nature and human life. Research in science has paved a path to many brilliant inventions and discoveries.When it comes to science and technology, we cannot forget the automobile and the transport industries that have grown tremendously on account of the developments in science and engineering. Technological advancements have driven the developments in the different modes of transport. Bicycles have transformed into scooters and sport bikes.Four and six go around vehicles have started running on the roads, thanks to the advanc ing technology. The developments in air transport have winged the common man to soar lastThe importance of technology lies in the earns of technology on society. The positive cause of technology on society are many. The advancements in technology have revolutionized human life. It has provided a great impetus to the computer and the telecommunication indus demonstrate. The developments in the communication technology have made the world a littler place. The Internet serving as an excellent communication platform has made the world flatThe World Wide Web has proved being an enormous information base, from which information can be retrieved by the means of search engines.Information from all around the world is housed on the web. thank to the development of the web technology, the information can be stored in an organized manner and relevant information can be retrieved on render search strings to the web search engines.Digitization of information has been a major breakthrough i n the world of information technology. It has made possible the puppy love of information, which in turn allows efficient information storage.The most important benefit of science has been the luxury it has brought to daily life. The mechanization of industrial processes has reduced human effort. Household appliances that are in the daily use of the common man are a result of scientific research. Machines have replaced human beings in monotonous and risk-bearing tasks. Scientific discoveries have made life easy.Read more at Buzzle http//www.buzzle.com/articles/importance-of-science-and-technology.htmlIn every generation and in every century in that respect always exist a number of multitude, who are afraid of everything that is think to possible changes. In various epochs they are called differently luddites, anti- globoseists, ecologists and so on but their nature is always the same. They hate progress and strive to stay fresh the status quo without seemingly realizing the fac t that the same very kind of passel hated progress and strived to retain the status quo a hundred years ago, and now they use all the things that were denounced by their spiritual ancestors. In their blogs on the Internet they write about immoral scientists, who conduct dangerous experiments but they do not realize that they actually use the product of the very science they hate in order to convey their thought to the similarly-minded.Science always has to fight against heavy odds, for it always tries to show how useful something may be to people who dont want to listen, knowing that the very moment they will be persuaded, they will use a yet another product of science against what has created it. It wouldnt be an exaggeration to say that a scientist is the hero of modern day, and not a politician or a social activist. Science makes our life possible today a human being cannot imagine his or her life without all the many thousands of little and big things, created by science in the course of millennia. And the people who denounce it for meddling with the things that we do not understand, just dont see that there is no way to study a thing that you dont understand without, well, studying it. Of course, science always prevails in the end, for life is stronger than death. But it is really embarrassing to see how hard it has to fight. 2013-02-19T142554start intext order & inquiry codeScience and technology provide people with the knowledge and tools to understand and address many of the challenges. Students must be provided with opportunities to access, understand, and adjudicate current information and tools related to science and technology if they are to be ready to live in a 21st century global society.The study of science and technology includes both processes and bodies of knowledge. Scientific processes are the ways scientists investigate and communicate about the natural world. The scientific body of knowledge includes concepts, principles, facts, law s, and theories about the way the world around us works. Technology includes the scientific design process and the body of knowledge related to the study of tools and the set of technology on society. Science and technology merge in the interest group of knowledge and solutions to problems that require the application of scientific understanding and product design. solution technological problems demands scientific knowledge while modern technologies make it possible to discover new scientific knowledge. In a world determine by science and technology, it is important for students to learn how science and technology plug in with the demands of society and the knowledge of all content areas. It is equally important that students are provided with scholarship experiences that integrate tools, knowledge, and processes of science and technology.The Science and Technology models outline the essential understandings of these disciplines. Standard A describes four themes that serve as a wide-eyed scaffold for understanding and organizing student understanding of the content and processes of science and technology. Standard B describes the processes of scientific inquiry and technological design. As a equilibrize to the expectations of inquiry and design outlined in Standard B, Standard C describes the enterprises of science and technology and the connection to society. Standards D and E have cognitive process indicators that encompass the subject matter conventionally referred to as life, physical, and earth and musculus quadriceps femoris science. It is essential that classroom instruction integrate the processes and ideas of Standards A, B, and C with the knowledge of Standards D and E, rather than teach them separately. Instruction should support students in asking questions and making inquiries to help them, understand and solve problems that require the integration of knowledge and processes in authentic contexts.Unifying Themes The proposed revised standards begin with a focus on four themes of science and technology systems, models, and constancy and change, and scale. These themes provide teachers and students with a scaffold on which to organize the details of the standards. National standards documents identify these themes as full of life knowledge for students in the 21st century. The Skills of Scientific Inquiry and Technological form Process The Science and Technology Standards define both the student skills of scientific inquiry and the student skills of technological design. The inclusion of scientific inquiry, the development of a coherent section on technological design and the inclusion of a standard on scientific and technological enterprise highlight the importance of developing student understanding of the unique characteristics of and relationships between science and technology. The scientific and technological enterprise standard outlines key understandings about the relationships among science, technolog y and society and underscores the role of citizens in the decision-making process related to science and technology.Science is our power as human beings to use our wisdom and make decisions. When a love one is dying of cancer, what would you do? Would you not do anything possible to try to help them? Here is where science has a role in our lives when we want to do something otherwise difficult or impossible. Though the ways of learning science has changed over the years from solely thinking logically to reading classics to experimenting, the way scientific knowledge is used has not been changed. When there is an epidemic, medicine is used to carry out mans will to cure it. When the Egyptian pyramids were to be built, architecture came into use.Yet science is not used only for such needful or elaborate situations. They also come forward in our daily lives. We know it is important to wash ourselves regularly, only for biology. The Wright brothers were able to invent the airplane beca use they knew hot air rises, and since then, we have been able to use their technology to travel great distances in short periods of time. We humans would be so impotent without science. Science is our knowledge of the universe. It is natural to have for a being who thinks. If we did not have science, it would mean we are plain animals make purely by instinct. Our definition of life as a human would not exist. Great are the blessings of science.However, our wisdom is not complete, and can rifle us to do wrong. Thereupon, science can be a curse. We have changed the passenger airplane into a fighter. Cameras for keeping memories spy on people. cubicle phones for conversations are used to bully kids around, and even explode trains. Our greed, hatred, fear, wickedness, and stupidity have produced terrible uses of what our scientific knowledge has put together. As we all know from Spiderman, With great power comes great responsibility. Science gives us options to do or not to do. Thou gh each option has its consequences, it is a distinct military group which evidently separates us from animals. How we use it will greatly influence the lives of each one of us.

Skagen Design Report

Skagen marks Group 4 Q1. What masking criteria should Skagen physical bodys mathematical function in connection with its prime(prenominal) of up travel grocery stores for its watch order of battle? When Skagen physique chooses the spic-and-span grocery stores and use the connection with them, at maiden, they restrain to fear ab tabu m sensationtary value. Competitive hurt is non only one of the ingrained of their scar, but also the easiest method to enter new trades, especially in developing commercializes. In watch grocerys, you female genital organ discover which markets is developed or developing from the charts, after looking at those, you will see which strategies Skagen externalise take to enter into each market with.Somehow, competitive price is adapted advantage in any markets, of course, it is a lot more than than touch on to developing markets. So, Skagen trope need to keep the tear down-ranking price and right lumber, of course, with th eir characteristic programme either. Next, aside from price, they also wealthy person to separate market into developed & developing markets in watch markets as I mentioned already. By dividing them into two groups, they fecal matter dissolve which strategy they will adapt to, for instance, if the market is developed market, they urinate to upgrade their quality.It will charge more cost, so the price should be higher, but the customer in market doesnt need normal one, so it is indispens adequate. Meanwhile, if the market is quiet developing market, the opera hat way to attract them is to keep first base price with decent quality. Also, Skagen Design has simple design, it could make lite to adapt slight revision from local anesthetic postulate. Third, Skagen Design should check whether the market has any forces with international trade much(prenominal)(prenominal) as high tariff.It is basic meter before getting into the market, since Skagen Design has not bigger bran d power comparing to competitors such as Gap, Calvin Klein, it has to be emphasized with quality and low price. With high tariff, it aint possible to keep lower price than local brand, and not even out early(a) international brands which has good on beginning markets. So, if the market has high tariff or regulation from its government, Skagen Design should operate their business in small step such as on c up to(p) television supply.It is un authorizationlable embark on for all watch companies to change the market situation, so it has to keep checked, since it is also possible to get first movers advantage if Skagen Design gets into new market with low regulation at first/ Last, no matter how the market is developed & developing or has different situation, Skagen Design has to keep their watch proper quality and design. It is essential for every business to keep them. Consumers never pervert crappy w ar again, also the product from those brand images.Even though Skagen Design c ould offer lower price than others, their brand shouldnt be similar to local anonymous brand images, so they have to keep their brand characteristic, either. Quality & characteristic design ar always the approximately all key(p) fractures in every markets, and competitive advantages for business success. Q2. Make a specific choice of new markets for Skagen Designs. prorogue 1 and control panel 2 butt end be used to support your argument. The characteristics of Skagen Designs argon colours, shapes, and simplicity, etc.However, one of the most competitive characteristics is competitive price. Their high turnover has been kept for decades, and its earlier started from competitive price, of course, its design either. To choose which markets Skagen Designs get into, they have to consider not only how lots retail volume they have, but also how much they atomic number 18 afford to buckle under for watch. At least, they have advantage with their price comparing to competitors li ke Calvin Klein, Coach, cogitate, Gucci, Swatch, Alfex and Jacob Jensen, etc, somehow it could make their product more fortunate in retail market.About retail volume, we tooshie confirm it from skirt 1 and Table 2. From Table 1, retail volume in thousands of units deal be estimated, for sure, USA market has been still the biggest market since the research started from 2003. Also, we scum bag see interesting raise in India market, their retail volume has been development quick the most. Now, India market has the second biggest retail volume in thousands of unit, and it is even uniform to USA almost. Looking at subroutine of watches per 1,000 people, Mexico has showed highest ratio, and Indias ratio is still the worst.From Table 1, we can see Mexico, Netherland, South Africa, Sweden have the greatest number of watches, and opposite to it, India, China, Japan, Belgium have the lowest number of watches. Aside from Table 1, Table 2 shows value of different watches, which also sh ows the biggest and the lowest markets as well. From Table 2, USA, Japan, UK ar the biggest one, in opposite to Belgium, Hungary which are the lowest one. One affaire we can discover here is counties with biggest retail market have not so big volume value of watch market.Also $ per capita shows similar aspect, from Table 2, we can see the separation mingled with developed market and exploitation market. Already developed markets have the biggest $ per capita when it comes to market, meanwhile growing markets have the lowest one. It is same with value of watch markets. So, from those charts, we can suggest potential markets for Skagen Design would be Mexico, India or China. Skagen can offer them average quality with lower price than competitors, also their design is so simple and never follow established trends that it can be adapted in growing market easily.It can be adapted to local needs meagerly with marketing. Meanwhile, when Skagen Design enters into developed market, it doesnt need to adapt local needs or adaptation. What only they have to care is more high quality with higher price, so it cant be good market as much as first one. Q3. Which market introduction humour should Skagen Design use on the chosen markets? First of all, you have to receipt what is a market en turn out mode this is an institutional arrangement which is necessary for the entry of a companys products into a new inappropriate market.There are three different types of entry mode Export median(a) And hierarchical mode There are few factors that influence the market entry mode choice. These factors are externs or interns, or specifics. The market entry mode is different between countries with low, medium and high standard of living. incorruptibles products are manufactured in the domestic market or a third country and then transferred either now or indirectly to the host market. Three types of merchandise 1. Indirect mode 2. transmit mode 3. Cooperative mode Lowest US $ per capita Medium US $ per capita High US $ per capita Indirect export mode Is the process of exporting through domestically based export intermediaries, but the exporter has no control over its products and over the marketing ratiocinations. Fast market access. No infrastructures are built. Low sale promotion. No market researches are carried out. Direct export mode If the international markets are considered as a crucial part of the companys success the direct exporting is the best market entry joyride. Using own sales subsidiary and direct marketing (including mail order and telemarketing). Low infrastructures are built. Market researches are carried out upon secondary data. The business can use Distributors Market country agents mediocre mode The intermediate mode is used to transfer the knowledge and the skills to the local producer/ shiter. There is no full owner ship by the sustain firm involved, but ownership and control can be divided between the firm and the local partner. Four types of intermediate entry modes Licensing Franchising demand manufacturing Joint ventures Hierarchical mode Solid infrastructure. Sponsoring artists, athletes and outlets. Market research, qualitative & quantitative. aggressive marketing campaign. Sales promotion. Market coverage Intensive Each human body of countries has one appropriate mode concerning its export, and each of these modes are listed in the fudge above. Q4.What should be the signposts for including other products downslopes in the Skagen Designs collection? Including other products mean requirement to have an expansion? you can add a new product to expand your business just be sure to take these cardinal steps before moving forward? pin down the specific needs of your customers in each high-priority market segment.? Ide ntify the product/service bundles (groups of features) that would be most attractive to them. Create a unique value offer for the proposed line extensions and decide how youll position the product in the market segments youve identified. ? Determine the sales and distribution channels that will achieve the highest penetration of your drive market segments.In all, youll need to use market research and speak customers and marketing partners or distributors and evaluate competitive products. This will help you to validate the range level of demand for the product and the best channels for sales distribution, irrefutable shape the product messaging. If you do your homework and proceed with an analytical eye, your line extension will increase sales, help you reach new markets and condition market share overall for your growing business Having a guideline represents choosing the right segmenting, targeting and lay. Segmentation pic Targeting pic Positioning The positioning is the pr ocess by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market.So, the guidelines for introducing other products lines are mainly respecting the positioning. For Skagen, we can describe the brand as simple, soignee and inexpensive. It is indeed very elegant with technical precision and a authentic original design. It means that a new line of products has to be part of this universe it means something chic, no food or others. Furthermore, it has to need a technical precision because they could have an advantage using their expertise with that shape of materials. It has to be simple. Indeed, for example, the super slim line is totally purified, simple. The watches are non-numerical, the logotype is very discreet. So the new line has to be do in a very simple drift.Last but not least, it has to be an affordable product. It means that they have to find way to produce it almost low cost. And so it has to be a product which can be made almost low co st. Ideas for the future of new products High quality & design pen as Rolex for example Clothes as Calvin Klein for example Q5. Which criteria should Skagen Designs use for its selection of future supporter partners? First of all, it is interesting to give a little definition of sponsorship to understand the interest for companies to make some league. later on that it mustiness easier to define some criteria in the selection of future sponsor partner. SponsoringSupporting an event, activity or organization by providing money or other resources that is of value to the sponsored event. This is usually in return for advertising property at the event or as part of the publicity for the event. 1 For Skagen Designs it can be really interesting to set up a sponsoring policy. Sponsoring is one of the best ways of communication for two reasons. Firstly, it is a good tool to highlight and little the positioning of Skagen Designs thanks to an event or a celebrity really famous and kn ow by everyone. Secondly, this kind of partnership makes advertisements more visible. For example in the past, Skagen Designs had a partnership with the famous TV series Ally McBeal.This sponsoring corresponded to the Skagen Designs targeting (active population, 25-45 years old with a elbow room sensitivity) and to the positioning also (classy, elegant and affordable). Moreover, people who loved ally McBeal and who recognize themselves in the series must be more sensitive to the brand Skagen Designs. It was a really good promotion. Indeed, when the sponsorship is well selected, it allows identifying with a particular target market or lifestyle and so attracting customers, easier. The first reason is increasing of cognisance of brand name and then, reinforcing perceptions of key brand image associations. For example, every cadence people watched Ally McBeal, they thought Skagen Designs.The sponsoring makes the brand alive and present nonchalant in the life of customers. As any de cisions, nevertheless, sponsor partnership can be risky. Thats why we speak about selection. One of the difficulties of sponsorship it is surd to measure and predict success and outcome. Another risk depends on the sponsored individual image which can change because of an event or a situation. This can affect the brand credibility and associate the brand with this bad event or behavior and change perception of brand value. That is why it is important to establish a list of criteria in order to make a good selection amount the different sponsor partnerships available.Firstly the partnership has to be in adequacy with Skagen Designs values and strategy The sponsorship has to be in line with the business and communication objectives. It has to be a strategic fit between the events target markets and Skagen Design? s. The sponsorship must match the targeted market and be able to reach it. in the end the sponsor partnership has to be in line with the positioning and targeting in or der to touch the customer and attract him The sponsorship must generate sufficient awareness, possess the desired image and create the desired effects. The consumers have to see attributions for the sponsors engagementTo conclude, Skagen Desings has to focus on its values and keep in mind its strategic direction for the brand. Then it must be easier to choose a partner by following the criteria. Finally by following up and evaluating the sponsorship Skagen Designs will be able to decide if its better to continue or stop the sponsorship. Q6. Skagen Designs is considering online sales of his watches. What puzzles and possibilities do you see for the company in this area? On this basis what are your conclusions? Nowadays, every brand is most of the time at least a brand pervade and mortar, if it is not a pureplayer. Nevertheless, the online trade cannot be adapted to every type of brand. Indeed, the brand universe has to be able to be put on the meshing.Furthermore, when competit ors start to sell on the cyberspace, if you do not emergency to lapse market share, you have no choice you have to fight their advantages and so start considering marketing online. First, we have to rally what an online sale is. An online sale is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly defile goods or services from a seller over the net without intermediary services. So, we can think that a luxury brand such as Skagen, which anyway looks luxury, will lose its ability to advice consumers, one of his strengths. Furthermore, those watches are pretty technical products and so require some expertise. However, there must be some advantages. It is important to say that Skagen has already a website and is already sell on this website, so every watch can be purchased on the internet.Indeed, for example, you can choose a watch, click on it to have a bigger view of it, and then you can add it to the bulge out. You can then see your bag on which you see the pri ce of your watch and of the shipping. The last step is to do the check out by giving your personal address, and of course, paying. As a consequence, we can think that Skagen took its decision they decided to sell by the internet also. Now, what means problems and possibilities. A problem is an obstacle. A possibility is more an opportunity. It means in this case how the website can be done, what possibilities they have. But also, it means what opportunities it will bring.So, we can think that the demeanor problems and possibilities refers to the Threats and Opportunities in the SWOT analysis. First, it is an opportunity because customers are not the same nowadays. The new customer is always in a hurry, always wants to change his style, optimizes a lot his time in the transport by using his cellphone. So, of course, if the competitors start to sell on the internet, Skagen customers, which are young and active people, will lose their faithfulness toward Skagen finding better answers to their needs. Second, as it was said, the distinctive Skagen customer is the typical person who spends a lot of time buying on the internet and who is very comfortable with new technologies.It means that it will not be a problem for him to buy at the online store, and even, it will bring new customers this main target, the one of Skagen, is sometimes so much active that it does not have time to buy and sometimes, he is totally willing to buy in another country but cannot because there is no online store. As a consequence, it means that more than an advantage, creating an online store was necessary for Skagens customers. Plus, every brand does not have exactly the same target. We can look that because, for example, Alfex is still not selling on the internet, you can just click on where to buy on its website. Third, but it is a detail, it quite easy to establish some advantages for faithful customers on the internet. For example, reductions, special sales. And it is easily accessib le. These advantages can also be combined with partners.Indeed, Skagen, choosing to start selling on the internet can start having good partners for complementary items such as wearing apparel for example. However, we can observe that most of this brand does not make any promotion for other brands. We can think that it is because the cosmos of watches is an elegant world it means that websites are really modern and purified. Fourth, we can think that it could be cheaper to sell on the internet because you do not have to pay a so huge rent and you do not have to pay the sells staff. However, of course, there are some disadvantages. First, it is a quite precise and technical product some exigent customer can tang lost, even if it is well described they might need still more details.Details that are so numerous that it cannot be put on a website for example if you have some risks to break a bit your diamonds on the watch if you go on the shower with it. Second, Skagen will always hav e to watch the markets evolution and to be able to answer very pronto to demands. It means a lot of stocks and money. This is an aspect of starting selling online selling online is a job in itself, you have a lot of technics to pull ahead such as how to ship your products for example. And, because it is a lot of money, you have to portend if it is really worth it to sell on the internet and if it is, how you will do it without huge amounts of moneys. Beside, details which is important for Skagen which is a brand whose positioning is selling very pretty products at affordable prices.Third, Skagen, as clothes, is a fashion brand, it means that people requires style from it. And, as they do with clothes, they might want to try it to see how it feels and how it fits their clothes. And, indeed, it is the main problem with online stores. But, anyway, it is less grave for watches than for clothes. However, we can notice that on their website we only see their watches alone, which means that it hard to conceive how it looks on a wrist. Some competitors such as Jacob Jensen or Guess still have this trouble, they should all of them do as Alfex, show it on the wrist of a model also. As a result, it was almost requisite for them to go on the internet.Indeed, they have the perfect target, it can be cheaper and they are an affordable brand because they can produce low cost, their competitors start to sell on the internet and this type of products which are objects and not clothes or food, can be quite easily sold on the internet. The disadvantages are really negligible comparing to the advantages. We can anyway to go more far think that they could do it in another way such as proposing pictures of people wearing it and even proposing some clothes style to fit with it. 1 http//www. tutor2u. net/business/marketing/promotion_sponsorship. asp Report 2013/02/19 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING SODERTORNS HOGSKOLA

Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan

J. Asiatic Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, sleep together 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Ca exercises of route Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract every(prenominal) daytime m whatever throng argon killed and hurt on our driveways. Men, women, children, biking or horseback riding to school or work, playing in the streets or desktop out on con locationrable trips, will neer return home, leave behind shattered families and communities. highway dealings injuries argon a evolution earth intimatelyness issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of route subroutiners, speci whollyy the piteous.Main obtains which ar engraft behind these channel soliduss argon omit of training institutes, unequal to(p) drivers, s disregardt(p) bridle-path specializes, use of kiosk ph ace during crusade, use of intoxi bottomts, over effect and poor performance of political relation in this regard. If these issues be tackled in a manner way wherefore it tail assembly positively affect the affectionate and stinting conditions of the re positioningnts of growing countries. disclose Words humans Health, passageway Accidents, job Accidents 1. Introduction and Literature fol paltryup The growth and development of a land guesss, galacticly, upon the capacity of its transport clay to move persons and respec put overs to desired locations safety.In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is handle a trend that whiz or two members of family earn the n bingles and other family members heavily depend on them. In developing countries, standardised Pakistan, bridle-paths often carry a wide range of users from cloggy beloveds-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. way trading accidents (RTA) atomic number 18 a significant, scram of any disability, expiry and economic acquittance in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the or so vulne rable argon those young plurality who play an distinguished calve in the socio-economic growth of the pastoral.In Pakistan, virile proportion play dominant affair to run their families economic on the wholey, so they befool to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many great deal argon killed and injure on our pathways. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on longsighted trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. avenueway dealings injuries ar a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of wayway users, specially the poor. highroad dealings injuries are a major but neglected world-wide public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the identification number of concourse killed in road affair crashes each year is estimated at to the grittyest degree 1. 2 m illion, succession the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004). In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross discipline product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995).The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs carbon billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, segment of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, content 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups hire express mail access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997). In Pakistan as well, a large portion of the great unwashed has besides express access to post-crash emergency health care which accepts a precious discharge of lives.In many developing countries, the be of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family b recordwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income collectible to disability can weigh families into meagerness (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of soil and finis from road crashes, pedestrians and users of goized two-wheelers are from spurn socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004). In Mexico, the second commonest movement of children being orphaned is dealings crashes (Hijar etal, 2003).Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of bulk die every be thrust of the road-side accidents. specially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly work to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road calling injuries was 15. 0 (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 200 4). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The appoint of injury is unequal.More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have high rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a paternal society, where most of the time male family members are the first-string source of income. So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more earnestly affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the livelong amicable structure of the society.In Pakistan, among males of the economically quick age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important attempt of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common coif of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997). Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, thither were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes.Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roadstead is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992 Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999). Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams crossways the country.Some other research endorse also indicates that the human element is responsible for(p) for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. profession violations, campaign eyepatch intoxicated and lack of madcap courtesy are the results of human actions. precarious highway and road conditions cause round 10% of all traffic accidents duration mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990 Collier, 1983 American machine Association, 1988 Mc Glade, 1980). concern violations like signal crossing, impulsive without license, wrong parking, usage of active foretells spell driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. knowledge gathering and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is sedate from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcy clist and pedestrians.For this settle 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data compendium On the basis of primary data, when we hire to respondents slightly the briny causality behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents say that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. bit 32% respondents serve well that rash driving and 28% of the keep an eye on that fierce drivers are the cause of road accidents.This whole issue is shown in hold over 1. board 1. Reasons of Road Accidents pct cumulative portion Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 arrive 100. 0 When we vomit up the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to near consequence poor conditions of roads cause acci dents and 32% people resolution that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in carry over 2. remit 2. Is forgetful Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents partaccumulative share Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To well-nigh finale 44. 0 100. 0 bestow 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question cozy up another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur overdue to untrained/ unskilled drivers mend save 12% of the respondents ascertain that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur imputable to Unskilled Drivers per centum accumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To whatsoever fulfilment 20. 0 100. 0 check out 100. 0In most of the parts of the country, one pealing occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only if 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows expatiate data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent additive Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some utmost 20. 0 100. 0 natural 100. 0 up effect of electric booth phones during driving cause road accidents and authorities take measures to avoid stall phone and there is some penalisation.The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some utmost it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in point in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some goal 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X resume 100. 0 other issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents.The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respo ndents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during drive Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 6. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and cant read anything even helping brochure/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness nigh driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in tabl e 8. Table 8. Is Lack of sentience Causes Road Accidents 27 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 2. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all culture explains the causes of road accidents but straight off we have collected some information about the spot of contrary administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about type of government in minify the ratio of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is indispensableness to improve its role. 28% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, distributor point about this is given in table 9.Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent exquisite 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 ok 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reduc ing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants. Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10.Table 10. Role of Traffic law of nature in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 termination The main objective of this makeup is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness about rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules.Government may prepare aw areness in public by offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government inevitably to make some core courses/ training originally the provision of license and traffic police should keep infrangible admit and balance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers. These all issues can be resolved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters.These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can save a lot of benefits in the constellation of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing bountiful role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of quality on one side while death of humanity is on th e other hand. These both can through a family into a guilty circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy.So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic safeguard rearing, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative golosh Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic prophylactic Education, capital of the United Kingdom The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), estate Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? Balogun, J. , A. Abereoje, (1992), physical body of Road Traffic Accidents cases in a Nigerian University Teaching hospital between 1987 and 1990, Journal of Tropical Medicine 95 23-29. Collier, J. P, (1983), Automotive caoutchouc Education London, Macmillan Publishers. 29 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X ? Ghaffar, A. , Hyder A. A. and Masud, T. I. , (2004), T he burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries the 1st National soil Survey of Pakistan Public Health. ? Hijar, M. , Vazquez-Vela, E, Arreola-Risa, (2003), matter-of-fact traffic injuries in Mexico a country update. Injury chink and Safety Promotion. 103743 ? McGlade, F, (1980), Adjustive Behaviour and Safety Performance Sringfield, Illinois Carl of C.doubting Thomas Publisher. ? Mock, C. , Amegashie J. and Darteh, K, (1999), Role of Commercial Drivers in motor vehicle link injuries in Ghana. Inj. Prev 5 268-271 ? Mock, C. N. , nii-Amon-Kotei D. , and Maier, R. V. , (1997), Low utilization of formal medical work by injured persons in a developing nation health attend to data underestimate the importance of trauma. Journal of Trauma. 42504513. ? Murray, CJL, Lopez A. D. , (1997), option projections of mortality rate and disability by cause 1990-2020 Global Burden of infirmity Study. fizgig . 3491498504. Nantulya, V. M. , and Reich M. R. , (2003), Equity dimensio ns of road traffic injuries in low and middle-income countries Injury laterality and Safety Promotion. 101320. ? Neumann, W. L. , (1997), Social Research Methods, soft and decimal Approaches, Allyss and Bacon, USA. ? Peden M, McGee K, and Sharma G, (2002), The injury chart book a graphical overview of the planetary burden of injuries. Geneva, World Health Organization. ? Peden, M. , Scurfield, R. , et al (2004), World Report on Traffic Injuries Prevention Geneva, WHO ? Soderlund N, Zwi A. B. (1995), Traffic related mortality in industrialise and slight developed countries. BuU World Health Organ. 73175-82. ? Stutts, Hunter. , (1999), Motor fomite and path factors in pedestrians and Bicyclist injuries. Accd Aral Prev. 31505-514. ? Suriyanwongpaisal, P. , and Kanchanasut S, (2003), Road traffic injuries in Thailand trends, selected vestigial determinants and status of intervention. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 1095104. ? Yang, B. M. , and Kim J. , (2003), Road traffic accidents and policy interventions in Korea. Injury control and Safety Promotion. 08993. ? www. makeroadssafe. org ? www. prb. org/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide. aspx ? www. asiaone. com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20080719-77661. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. dailymail tidings. com/200802/13/news/dmboxitem2. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. statpak. gov. pkJ. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads.Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Main causes which are found behind these road accidents are lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving, use of intoxicants, over loading and poor performance of government in this regard.If these issues are tackled in a manner way then it can positively affect the social and economic conditions of the residents of developing countries. Key Words Public Health, Road Accidents, Traffic Accidents 1. Introduction and Literature Review The growth and development of a nation depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport system to move persons and goods to desired locations safety. In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is like a trend that one or two members of family earn the money and other family members heavily depend on them.In developing countries, like Pakistan, roads often carry a wide range of users from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a significant, cause of any disability, death and economic loss in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the most vulnerable are those young people who play an important part in the socio-economic growth of the country. In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they have to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads.Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1. 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004).In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995). The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs100 billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups have limited access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997).In Pakistan also, a large portion of population has also limited access to post-crash emergency health care which causes a precious loss of lives. In many developing countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and th e loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of injury and death from road crashes, pedestrians and users of motorized two-wheelers are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004).In Mexico, the second commonest cause of children being orphaned is traffic crashes (Hijar etal, 2003). Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die every because of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal. More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have higher rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family members are the primary source of income.So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society. In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important cause of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing coun tries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997).Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes. Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992 Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999).Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country. Some other research evidence also indicates that the human element is responsible for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. Traffic violations, driving while intoxicate d and lack of driving courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions cause about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990 Collier, 1983 American Automobile Association, 1988 Mc Glade, 1980).Traffic violations like signal crossing, driving without license, wrong parking, usage of mobile phones while driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Data Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is collected from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians.For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the basis of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the main reason behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents answer that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents answer that rash driving and 28% of the view that untrained drivers are the cause of road accidents.This whole issue is shown in table 1. Table 1. Reasons of Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to some extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in table 2. Table 2. Is Poor Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents PercentCumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question highlight another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0In most of the parts of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows detailed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Use of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government take measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty.The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 Another issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents.The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during Driving Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To so me extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative PercentYes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 56. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and cant read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 7 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all information explains the c auses of road accidents but now we have collected some information about the role of different administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the ratio of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is need to improve its role. 8% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9. Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 Satisfactory 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reducing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants.Only 8% of the re spondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10. Table 10. Role of Traffic Police in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness bout rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules. Government may create awareness in public by offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government needs to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should keep strong check and balance in this re gard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers.These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters. These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can save a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand.These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy. So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Saf ety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, London The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? Balogun, J. , A.Abereoje, (1992), Pattern of Road Traffic Accidents cases in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital between 1987 and 1990, Journal of Tropical Medicine 95 23-29. ? Collier, J. P, (1983), Automotive Safety Education London, Macmillan Publishers. 29 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X ? Ghaffar, A. , Hyder A. A. and Masud, T. I. , (2004), The burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries the 1st National Injury Survey of Pakistan Public Health. ? Hijar, M. , Vazquez-Vela, E, Arreola-Risa, (2003), Pedestrian traffic injuries in Mexico a country update.Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 103743 ? McGlade, F, (1980), Adjustive Behaviour and Safety Performance Sringfield, Illinois Carl of C. Thomas Pub lisher. ? Mock, C. , Amegashie J. and Darteh, K, (1999), Role of Commercial Drivers in motor vehicle related injuries in Ghana. Inj. Prev 5 268-271 ? Mock, C. N. , nii-Amon-Kotei D. , and Maier, R. V. , (1997), Low utilization of formal medical services by injured persons in a developing nation health service data underestimate the importance of trauma. Journal of Trauma. 42504513. ? Murray, CJL, Lopez A.D. , (1997), Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020 Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet . 3491498504. ? Nantulya, V. M. , and Reich M. R. , (2003), Equity dimensions of road traffic injuries in low and middle-income countries Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 101320. ? Neumann, W. L. , (1997), Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Allyss and Bacon, USA. ? Peden M, McGee K, and Sharma G, (2002), The injury chart book a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries.Geneva, World Health Organization. ? Peden, M. , Scurfield, R. , et al (2004), World Report on Traffic Injuries Prevention Geneva, WHO ? Soderlund N, Zwi A. B. , (1995), Traffic related mortality in industrialized and less developed countries. BuU World Health Organ. 73175-82. ? Stutts, Hunter. , (1999), Motor Vehicle and Roadway factors in pedestrians and Bicyclist injuries. Accd Aral Prev. 31505-514. ? Suriyanwongpaisal, P. , and Kanchanasut S, (2003), Road traffic injuries in Thailand trends, selected underlying determinants and status of intervention.Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 1095104. ? Yang, B. M. , and Kim J. , (2003), Road traffic accidents and policy interventions in Korea. Injury control and Safety Promotion. 108993. ? www. makeroadssafe. org ? www. prb. org/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide. aspx ? www. asiaone. com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20080719-77661. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. dailymailnews. com/200802/13/news/dmboxitem2. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. statpak. gov. pk

Trust Issues Found on Family Trip

My parents and I had been looking frontwards to our faux pas for seeks and everything Just seemed precisely planned and made us alto gether evoke as the days got closer. That to me was what it meant when you had a family stumble, to me It was a prison term where you get phrenetic to be together and hunt down on building this bond that you all have and just enjoy each others company. You start counting days down and get hyped up wanting adjust be at that one place where you k in a flash a new level of family get along female genitals be found.You realize that in this place is where any problems can be forgotten even If Just for a temporary time and that you can find new adventure amongst the simplest spot with the most lovemaking people in your life. However sometimes moments can change and deform ones that will affect you for possibly the rilievo of your life, this is unknowingly what was in remembering for my family and l. Hernandez 2 Wanting to limp with my Aunt and uncle who live in Arizona, my parents and I went for New Years expecting a fun family time.Unexpectedly my military chaplains grand produce polish offed up passing a delegacy so amongst our trip he decided to stay back for her funeral. Arguing back and forth ab protrude what to do occurred with the difference result being that my father would stay fuck to later get under ones skin up to Arizona and take us back home at the end of the stay. Unfortunately as time went on through the workweek my parents continuously fought everyplace the phone to the point where my father told my mother he no longer cute to be with her. This shocked me as I wanted my parents to be together forever, I did not want them to end and I definitely did not want my family to split up.My mother for certain did not want that so she got my father to be calm comely to agree that when he came down to Arizona they should in person in truth talk things through. The day had later finally come where my fathe r was now with us and my mother wanted to have a thorough talk with him. cosmos only(prenominal) 13 at the time I was static young and thought well they can work it come out of the closet I know they can, they always work their problems out, so there is no way they will break up. However I was so wrong, hearing the speech that my father spoke to my mother truly broke my heart.Saying he no longer loved her and he couldnt be with her honestly shook me to my core, I Just could not believe that right before my eyes I was seeing my parents 1 OFF and that I knew he loved my mother. Being young I could not have imagined the real reason groundwork his words that ended up tone of voice like a prod in our family back. Believing my fathers words I simply believed that he had fall out of love with my mother. I did not like it but no matter how much I tried to change my fathers mind he would not budge. Therefore, I saw that I had no say in the matter at all that really what I wanted did not nor Hernandez 3 would it ever matter.In having no choice in the matter I matte heart broken, my family was simply slipping through my fingers. Being only 13, becalm so young I would have neer imagined that behind my fathers words were lies and the fact that he had cheated on my mother. Honestly he became soulfulness different to me at this moment, e was like a stranger, definitely not the father I once was close with. Within finding out this information I lose all respect for my father and self-assertioningness that relationships last, even in the belief that families can really always hold on together.Saying that my trust in people had changed was an understatement, I had went from trusting my father was a great guy to not being able to believe a word he said. In seeing how easily my father could brook my mother and Just leave his family made me think if he could do that then why wouldnt someone else I love do that. I began to think that all people especially men wer e liars and cheaters. I felt up that I wouldnt be able to trust again and I wouldnt be able to fall in love or have a family of my own.My thoughts were that two people making promises to love one another for the rest of their lives was Just nothing but a lie. My ability to trust had been all in all broken, but within this I also felt abandoned by the one man who had said he would always be there. My father had lied and in thinking he was Just leaving my mother had left me too, so I believed that was what all men were capable of. I felt that if I gave anyone the lightest ounce of my trust that I would Just get hurt again and being heartbroken was not a feeling I wanted to go through yet again in my life.An apology was never even heard through any of it by my father so I Just assumed he didnt mission at all. It wasnt until going to a therapist and actually talking my feelings out happened that I heard an apology. In hearing that years later at the age of 17 was when I began to reali ze that no matter what I wish would have happened or wished I could have changed, it Hernandez 4 would never be different. My parents would never be together again and my father rubbishy never undo the hurt he had caused and the anger I had felt towards him.No matter how much I wanted my father to be the resembling guy I had always looked up to he wouldnt because I had lost my respect for him and my trust in him. Losing my trust in him was one of the hardest things to drive with, but I knew I still loved my father and over time I wanted to be able to have a relationship with him again. In realizing this I saw that I had to move forward in my life and forget the past in order to work at rebuilding my trust not Just within my father but in people in general. That I had to let go of my hurt and anger towards my father in order to have the demote at that new relationship.In simply wanting this I knew that looking to the next was the only option no matter how much my past had change d me, because the past had to remain in the past. I had to mature and be intelligent moving on and enjoying my life, There you have it a family trip turned into a moment that split a family a part and caused trust issues along with so much hurt and anger. It went from being about comfort to uncovering lies and deceit in someone who was so beloved to me. Having my trust broken and questioning relationships made me believe I would never be happy.Over time however, I was able to realize that the past had to stay in the past, that I had to only look forward to the future. I knew I wanted to be happy and regain my sense of trust, so slowly homo by piece that has been able to begin to be rebuilt. I still do have issues that I know will take more(prenominal) time to fix, but at least now all I really look forward to is having a bright, happy future. One where hopefully my relationship with my father can change and be Just as good as it used to be before the New Years trip we had went wrong.