Local Lit Foreign Lit Essay

In this chapter one of the near central early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature limited review. This chapter pull up stakes explain how review of related literature is very authoritative in conducting a poll. This is excessively one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to contract. Beca routine youre likely to find out that average more(prenominal) or less any worthwhile idea you result pass has been thought of before, at least to whatever degree. A literature review is designed to come across related research, to set the current research project within a conceptual and theoretical context. The grea leaven emphasis on research journals that use a blind or juried review system. The literature review allow for help to find and select appropriate measurement instruments. It will readily see what measurement instruments researchers use themselves in contexts similar to the study. Finall(a)y, the literature review will help to antic ipate common occupations in the research context. It laughingstock use the prior experiences of others to avoid common traps and pitfalls.2.1 Related Literature local anaesthetic LiteratureThe Department of Education verbalize Monday its all systems go for the subject C beer Assessment Examination (NCAE), adding that it expects some 1.5 million poop family juicy give instruction school-age childs from both public and common soldier schools to participate. The annual conduct of the NCAE gives the students and the p arnts an idea on the field of endeavor most suitable to the graduating students thus, allowing for better decision on their choice of vocation, Education Secretary Jesli Lapus say. A major part of the examination consists of the general scholastic adroitness discharge. It as substantially as measures a graduating students potentials or inclination in such(prenominal) areas as technical-vocational aptitude, entrepreneurial skills, nonverbal tycoon and oc cupational interest.The test components are scientific ability, mathematical ability, reading comprehension, verbal ability, manipulative skills, clerical ability, non-verbal ability and entrepreneurial skills. The exam results are at best recommendatory and are non a requisite for admission to college. There were 717,232 students or 58.62 percent who obtained high aptitude in entrepreneurship. Some 20,307 students with high general scholastic aptitude scores and 22,879 students with high results in technical-vocational aptitude became eligible. (James Konstantin Galvez, n.d.)It says in the article that the estimation exam will determine which race path is best subsequently graduation from high school based on the individual test results. The examination will to a fault minimize the mismatch in career choices and skills that has affected many college graduates who were not well advised about what career path they should take.*PMA exam passers eye academys 300 slots.The 942 passe rs of the late Filipino Military Academy (PMA) entrance exams will still discombobulate got to battle it out to make it to the 300-strong cast of final cut and follow up their dreams of being a member of the PMA Class 2013. The PMA entrance examination is the just first step of a highly competitive process for cadet aspirants in the PMA. To secure a slot in the academy, examination passers will then grant to overcome the rigid and complete physical fittingness test and medical examination set in early October. scarcely the good news is PMAs officials are wrap upedly planning to let the cat out of the bag with the Armed Forces of the Philippines general headquarters to extend the final cut qualifiers by 30 to 50.Those who will qualify the second stage will be notified by the PMA thru mail, while the complete list of passers will be print in some major national broadsheets and at the PMA website at www.pma.ph. And although the exam is just the beginning, PMA Supt. M/Gen. Le opoldo Maligalig appreciated the 18-percent passing rate this year, only a whisker ahead of last years 16 percent. Records certify that applicants from Baguio registered the highest passing percentage in the entrance exam at 27 percent with 133 passers. There were 8, 449 stocks and 1,834 walk-in applicants nationwide but only 5, 777 have qualified to take the entrance examinations.5, 652 completed the battery test in mathematics, English and special PMA aptitude test. PMA, considered the countrys top military machine institution, has been accepting more than 10,000 to 12, 000 applicants in the past years. Academys info officer Lady Capt. Agnes Lynnette Flores, however, noted that there has been a decrease in the number of aspiring cadets as a result of PMAs more rigid fostering intended to maintain its reputation of producing high-quality cadets and future unbent leaders.The program is also geared to insulate PMA cadets from politics and to mold them into total soldiers who m ust defend the fundamental impartiality of the land at all costs, she said.*MMDA chief Address job mismatch. Saying the education system is impuissance to produce the skills needed by the private fabrication, Metropolitan Manila phylogeny Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando yesterday called for joint public-private collaboration to address the problem of job mismatch. The administration, schools and private work should get together for an exchange of views on dominant and emerging jobs and the skills needed to fill the jobs, Fernando said. He suggested gay-resource planning to suppose the demand for and supply of critical skills. The planning could be presumee on an industry basis. Fernando proposed that companies provide the necessary training and retraining, while colleges and universities review their curricula to notch business-friendly courses.The government should also enhance its free training program through with(predicate) the Technical and Skills maturation Autho rity (Tesda) by opening more training centers in rural areas and strengthening its vocational training program. Current opportunities, Fernando noted, are in the fields of information technology, retail, manufacturing, tourism, hospitality and accounting, adding that the call center industry has an opening for at least 60,000 jobs this year. Fernando said the Philippine economy should also continue to grow in order to provide more better-paying jobs that would draw Philippines to stay in the country. While overseas Filipino workers are providing cardinals of dollars in remittances for the Philippine economy, their absence in the country also contributes to the brain/skills peter out and to dysfunctional families, he observed. Local industries have estimated incurring an additional P1 billion for recruiting and training new workers to replace those who have left to work abroad. outside(prenominal) LiteratureDepEd asked not to rank schools in NAT. The Federation of Association of esoteric Schools and Administrators (FAPSA) is asking the Department of Education (DepEd) not to rank schools in the National Achievement Test (NAT), saying it is not a healthy competition. Our baseing would not mind the intention of Secretary (Jesli) Lapus provided the outcome would not be published, he added. Kasilag made the appeal after the DepEd administered the NAT to sixth graders and second year high school students last March 5 and 12. The conduct of the test had paved the way for ingenious access to leakage.Former DepEd secretary Raul Roco had admitted that questions and answers could bought in the provinces, he said. Kasilag said the NAT, being the precursor of NCEE in the 90s then NEAT and NSAT in 2000, was the same exam for whose abolition his group lobbied for. Roco abolished the NCEE in a bid to allow more students to enter college. He cited the case of a female student in his school (St. Nicholas school in Marikina) who failed to graduate as valedictorian because she didnt do well in NEAT exam years back. The mother asked why should a days exam matter most over the inviolate six years of study in elementary? Schools already have 4 periodicals, 10 monthly tests, countless quizzes and daily assignments, are these not enough? he said. (Shianee Mamanglu, March 18, 2009)The ranking of schools in a offspring had proved to be divisive and resulted in unhealthy competition among private schools. Schools that lagged behind prepared rigorously to recover at the expense of regular academic curriculum. Ofcourse, if the result is published it will only cause violate to the schools. The conduct of the NAT is not reliable enough to assess the total writ of execution of students, since students, particularly those from the provinces, can buy questions, answers and grades.*Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed. We will also stage various mass actions in national level in the coming weeks to show Malacanang and the House members that there is ind eed roar for this, he added. Basas, however, expressed appreciation to Secretary Lapus and the entire DepEd in lobbying for the speedy approval of the proposed bill. He also lauded the Senate for the immediate approval of its counterpart proposed law in the Upper Chamber. TDC claimed that since 2001 public school teachers had only two salary increases amounting to P2, 000 combined. Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed.Manila, Philippines A coalition of migrants rights organizations has opposed the proposal to make psychiatric examination mandatory for leaving overseas Filipino household benefit workers. Ellene Sana, executive director of the Center for Migrants Advocacy (CMA), said the proposal was made by the Department of Foreign Affairs, citing a study by the Department of Health of mental cases among overseas Filipino workers. She said they got the information from Poe Gratela, private sector representative to the governing body of the Philippine Overseas Employme nt Administration (POEA), during a consultation meeting on August 6. In Resolution No. 05, Series 2008, the Consultative Council on OFWs (CCOFW), of which CMA is a member, argued that this mandatory psychiatric exam only for household service workers is discriminatory, will be an additional cost to OFWs, and does not stop up objectivity.*The council also said the test presupposes that the root problem is the workers psychiatric disposition. It said this arrogance is unfounded and illogical.Sound psychiatric test results of a worker cannot guarantee ones sanity because there are simply too many aggravating factors such as work environment, cultural differences, linguistic communication barriers, and emotional stress that affect OFWs physical and mental conditions, it said. The council pointed out info which shows that 78 percent of the household service workers deemed mentally unfit were deployed in the Middle East.This indicates that what is needed is for the government to look at the working conditions in the Middle East of the household service workers, and not these workers mental states, it said. Instead, the council proposed that the government administer mandatory psychiatric examinations to all government personnel deployed overseas to determine their psychological and emotional preparation for overseas assignments, particularly, in use cases of workers in distress.*Aside from CMAs Sana, the other signatories to the resolution are Fr. Savino Bernardi of the Apostleship of the Sea, Fr. Edwin Corros of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines Ecumenical Commission on Migrants and Itinerants, Luis Andres Maya of the Scalarini Center for People on the Move, Fr. Fabio Baggio of the Scalabrini Migration Center,Gwendolyn Valencia of the Philippine Migrants Rights Watch, Carmelita Nuqui of the Development Action for Women Network, Gina Espinosa of Kaibigan Inc., Francisco Aguilar Jr. of the Fil Migrant Workers Group, Mildred Yamzon and Dr. Glori a Itchon of the Women in Development Foundation, and Luther Calderon of Kampi.*Naveed Azim and Imran Naqvi and Kashif ur Rehman. Learning of student can be assessed by objective fictitious character and subjective grapheme questions. Educationists and behavioral scientists declare subjective writing skills native for senior guidance positions. Investigation revealed that IT professionals who qualified through objective type online examination and lack subjective writing skills could not earn hoist in career to top management positions easily.The study considered ability of a student to express knowledge subjectively as the independent uncertain and high management position requirements as the dependent variable. It hypothesized better the student of higher level education in his/her subjective expression, more hefty s/he will be for positions at senior management in business organizations. The study selected 100 private companies engaged in the field of Information Technolog y (IT) in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan who seek OCP or MCSD or MCSE certified professionals.SalonBooker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the hit industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the GramercyOne family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. SalonBooker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any magazine, even via an heady phone or iPad. With SalonBooker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, save cadence through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. (http//www.salonbooker.com/)2.2 Related StudiesLocal Studies*According to Wikipedia, A test or an examination (or exam) is an assessment, often administered on news report or on the computer, inte nded to measure the test-takers or respondents (often a student) knowledge, skills, aptitudes, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs). Tests are often used in education, professional certification, counseling, psychology (e.g., MMPI), the military, and many other fields. The measurement that is the remainder of testing is called a test score, and is a summary of the evidence contained in an examinees responses to the items of a test that are related to the effect or constructs being measured. Test scores are interpreted with regards to a norm or criterion, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by statistical analysis of a epic number of subjects. (www.wikipedia.com)According to Lee J. Cronbach, Test aid in devising many sorts of decisions, including selection and classification of individuals, evaluation of educational or discourse procedures, and acceptance or rejection of scientific hypothesis. (Essentials of Psychological Testing , Cronbach, p.18)According to Wikipedia, An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site. It originated as the modern equivalent of a traditional bulletin board, and a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system. From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content. People participating in an Internet forum may cultivate social bonds and interest groups for a topic may form from the discussions. (www.wikipedia.com)According to WORDIQ, An Internet forum, also cognise as a message board or discussion board, is a web application that provides for online discussions, and is the modern descendant of the bulletin board systems and exist Usenet news systems that were widespread in the 1980s and 1990s. An Internet forum typically exists as part of a website and invites users to start topics and discuss issues with one another. Sometimes, a forum even comprises most, if not all, of the content of a site. Co mpared to wikis, Internet forums dont allow users to edit the forum posts of other users however, administrators and moderators generally have the capability of doing this. (www.wordiq.com)Foreign StudiesCollege student retention programs tend to focus in general on students in their first and second year of college as this is the time when the greatest number of students withdraws from postsecondary education (ACT 2004). Such programs vary substantially in design and execution. Examples include Early alert, assessment, and monitoring systems to identify students at attempt of dropping out for early intervention Freshman Seminar and HORIZONS. Organizational scheme practices, designed to create an institutional culture conducive to student retention, are another means of encouraging college student retention.Improving college retention range may have broad impacts students who complete college degrees have been found to be less likely to need the support of social services, gener ate higher tax returns, put less stress on the criminal jurist system, and have better health status and improved parenting skills. Expected expert Outcomes, Increased college retention rates, increased graduation rates, Evidence of EffectivenessACT-Student belongings 2004 indicates that emphasis on retention strategies over the past several decades has not had a substantial impact on college retention overall. However, such programs have been effective in some venues and for some students Dale 1995 reports that 85% of students participating in HORIZON, a Purdue University based student retention program, were retained compared to only 47% of non-enrollee peers. Participants indicated that belonging to a support network, having assistance with effective study methods, and tutoring were most important to their decision not to leave school.According to Wikipedia, Career assessments are tests that are designed to help individuals understand how a variety of ad hominem attributes (i. e., interests, values, preferences, motivations, aptitudes and skills), impacts their potential success and satisfaction with different career options and work environments. Assessments of some or all of these attributes are often used by individuals or organizations, such as university career service centers, career counselors, outplacement companies, corporate human resources staff, executive coaches, vocational rehabilitation counselors, and guidance counselors to help individuals make more informed career decisions.