Early to Middle Childhood Essay

If you ever seen a preschooler hurry off to play with a neighborhood friend, you know the enjoywork forcet that boorren win from being with their peers. Aside from this enjoyment, peer relationship is significant to a nestlings fond development. At the beginning of early childhood up to the philia childhood, children become less dependent on their p atomic number 18nts. At the be on of 2, children play independently with their toys but later in this period, children will turn tail to play with interaction. This change in the mode of playing of children will be testisized in the start of school age.Other than enjoyment, play becomes a material for brotherly improvements. It allows children to be to a greater extent competent in their social interactions with others and serves as a way to develop self-control. They avoid hitting an opposition who outlasted them and they tend to develop control of emotions (Selman et al. , 1983 Feldman, 1982). Piagets Theory of Cognitive kno wledge The possibility of psychologist Jean Piaget is the most well cognize of all the theories in cognitive development. He suggested two dos during early childhood and middle childhood.The proceeding from one stage to another requires a proper amount of suppuration and experiences. Preoperational salute (2 to 7 years) The mapping of language is the major development during the preoperational stage. In this stage, children develop their sense of representation of the world that allows them to describe people, events, and feelings. They even use symbols in play to represent a particular object. For example, a handwriting that was pushed across the floor is a car for them. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) The mastery of the concept of conservation marked the beginning of the concrete operation stage.During this stage, children develop their ability to think in a to a greater extent logical manner. The egocentrism characteristic of the preoperational period is slowly disappearing in this stage. One of the things that the children learn at this stage is the principle of reversibility, the idea that virtually changes can be undone by reversing the earlier action that terminus to the change. Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development In trying to trace the class of social development, Eric Erikson developed the most comprehensive theory of social development.He included two stages during childhood which include the initiative versus guilt stage and the industry versus inferiority stage. Initiative versus Guilt Stage (age 3 to 6) In this stage, the major conflict is the desire of a child to initiate an occupation independently but feeling the guilt that bring by the consequences of such activity. Parents take a big part in helping their child to adapt with this stage. They should react positively and take time to resolve problems low this stage. Industry versus Inferiority Stage (age 6-12)During this period, successful psychosocial developmen t is featured by increasing competency across all tasks, may it be social interactions or academic skills. Intelligence Intelligence can take on many different meanings. A person who reason logically and locate more solutions in a problem is considered intelligent. Another is verbal abilities which are also attributed as being intelligent. Intelligence in a more focused meaning is the capacity to understand the world, think critically and rationally and use resources in an effective manner when face with challenges.The first formal intelligent test was performed by Alfred Binet. He used this test to recognise the dullest student in Paris school system in nightspot to provide them with corrective assistance. However, theories of intelligence began to unravel the mysteries of our intellect. One of the first theory in intelligence assumed that there was a single component contributing to psychological ability, called the g-factor (Spearman, 1927). Consequently, psychologist L. L. T hurstone suggested that there are several primary mental abilities underlying general intelligence.By using innovative statistical technique, he classified a variety of subcomponents of intelligence which includes numerical ability, reasoning, verbal fluency, reminiscence and verbal comprehension. Other than that, Howard Gardner proposed an idea that we reach seven multiple intelligence. In these seven multiple intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, and interpersonal intelligence can be seen during childhood years. Gender Identity Our society holds well-defined stereotypes about men and women, and they prevail regardless of age, economic status, and social and educational background.Although the difference in many studies about men and women may conclude large difference, dormant it is not the reality. In considering the differences that were documented, it can be seen that there are more similarity than difference between men and women. One of the mo st known differences between men and women is their degree of aggression. By the time they are 2 years old, boys tend to show more aggression than girls and this continues throughout their lifespan. Furthermore, during the middle childhood, children are quite different in the level of self-esteem.Girls, on the average, have lower self-esteem compared to boys. References Feldman, R. S. (1982). Development of non-verbal behavior in children. New York Spriner-Verlag. Harder, A. F. The developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Learning Place Online. Retrieved April 3, 2009 http//www. support4change. com/stages/cycles/Erikson. html Selman, R. L. , Schorin, M. Z. , Stone, C. R. & Phelps, E. (1983). A naturalistic study of childrens social understanding. Developmental Psychology, 19, 82-102 Spearman, C. (1927). The Abilities of Man. London Macmillan.